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BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Oct 2021Microbial resistance, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are global health care problems that have posed a serious threat to both human and environmental ecosystems. The...
BACKGROUND
Microbial resistance, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are global health care problems that have posed a serious threat to both human and environmental ecosystems. The goals of the present investigations are to investigate the phytoconstituents, antilipase, anti-α-amylase, and antimicrobial activity of Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. (OA) from Palestine.
METHODS
Identification of the phytoconstituents of OA plant petroleum ether, methylene chloride, chloroform, acetone, and methanol extracts were conducted using pharmacopeia's methods, while porcine pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were examined using p-nitrophenyl butyrate and 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid methods, respectively. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated utilizing broth microdilution assay against eight bacterial and fungal strains.
RESULTS
The phytochemical screening results showed that the methanol extract of the OA plant is rich in phytochemical components, also this extract has powerful antilipase potential with an IC value of 19.49 ± 0.16 μg/ml comparing with the positive control (Orlistat) which has antilipase activity with IC value of 12.3 ± 0.35 μg/ml. Moreover, the methanol and chloroform extracts have powerful α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC values of 28.18 ± 0.22 and 28.18 ± 1.22 μg/ml, respectively comparing with Acarbose which has α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC dose of 26.3.18 ± 0.28 μg/ml. The antibacterial results showed that the methylene chloride extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among the other OA plant extracts with a MIC value of 0.78 mg/ml against S. aureus, while, the methylene chloride, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts of the OA plant showed potential antifungal activity against C. albicans strains with MIC value of 0.78 mg/ml.
CONCLUSION
The OA methanol and chloroform extracts could be excellent candidates as antilipase and anti-α-amylase bioactive materials. In addition, methylene chloride, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts could be potential natural antimicrobial products.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Obesity Agents; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipase; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle East; Orobanche; Phytochemicals; Swine; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 34625075
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03431-x -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Several researchers have demonstrated the health and pharmacological properties of carvacrol and -cymene, monoterpenes of aromatic plants. This study investigated these...
Anti-Cholinesterase and Anti-α-Amylase Activities and Neuroprotective Effects of Carvacrol and -Cymene and Their Effects on Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells.
Several researchers have demonstrated the health and pharmacological properties of carvacrol and -cymene, monoterpenes of aromatic plants. This study investigated these compounds' possible anti-cholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, and neuroprotective effects. We evaluated the anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-α-amylase activities at different concentrations of the compounds. The maximum non-toxic dose of carvacrol and -cymene against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells was determined using an MTT assay. The neuroprotective effects of the compounds were evaluated on HO-induced stress in SH-SY5Y cells, studying the expression of caspase-3 using Western blotting assays. Carvacrol showed inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 3.8 µg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC = 32.7 µg/mL). Instead, the anti-α-amylase activity of carvacrol resulted in an IC value of 171.2 μg/mL After a pre-treatment with the maximum non-toxic dose of carvacrol and -cymene, the expression of caspase-3 was reduced compared to cells treated with HO alone. Carvacrol and -cymene showed in vitro anti-enzymatic properties, and may act as neuroprotective agents against oxidative stress. Further studies are necessary to elucidate their possible use as coadjutants in preventing and treating AD in diabetic patients.
Topics: Humans; Acetylcholinesterase; Amylases; Butyrylcholinesterase; Caspase 3; Cell Line, Tumor; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Hydrogen Peroxide; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; alpha-Amylases; Cholinesterases
PubMed: 37047044
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076073 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2023At least 2 basic inputs are needed to formulate rations: the nutritional requirements of the animals to be fed and the nutritional composition of the feeds. David R.... (Review)
Review
At least 2 basic inputs are needed to formulate rations: the nutritional requirements of the animals to be fed and the nutritional composition of the feeds. David R. Mertens not only defined fiber requirements for dairy cattle but became a leading expert in the laboratory measurement of fiber in feeds, digesta, and feces. Fiber is a heterogeneous nutritional entity composed mainly of polysaccharides and polyphenolics. Because the method defines the fiber that is measured, methods must be described thoroughly and followed exactly to obtain results that are repeatable within a laboratory and reproducible among others. Filtration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) can be difficult, and those who have worked in his laboratory can attest that Mertens rigorously studied this, along with other method details to improve NDF analysis from sample preparation to blank corrections. Mertens's procedure for amylase-treated NDF (aNDF), using α-amylase and sodium sulfite with crucibles, culminated in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Method 2002.04 for aNDF, which was also accepted as International Standard ISO 16472:2006 and is used worldwide as a reference method for feed evaluation. Because aNDF digestibility is variable and a key factor in overall digestibility, Mertens also worked to improve in vitro ruminal digestibility and gas production procedures within and among laboratories, including procedures using flasks or filter bags. His in vitro gas production method is currently used by commercial laboratories that generate a significant share of the aNDF digestibility results reported worldwide. Outside of the laboratory, his extensive outreach to commercial and research laboratories has had a huge impact on fiber analysis, in vitro digestibility, and other laboratory procedures. While advising the National Forage Testing Association, Mertens provided program infrastructure that improved laboratory proficiency in more than 120 laboratories in the United States and around the world. Most importantly, thanks to his advances in fiber analysis and in vitro digestibility techniques, Mertens has enhanced the evaluation of feeds and the nutrition and health of dairy cows. These contributions have helped thousands of dairy farmers and nutritionists around the globe and continue to have a substantial impact on the industry.
Topics: Cattle; Female; Animals; Dietary Fiber; Animal Feed; Digestion; Feces; alpha-Amylases; Rumen; Diet; Lactation
PubMed: 36175233
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22407 -
Scientific Reports May 2022Amylase genes reside in a structurally complex locus, and their copy numbers vary greatly, and several studies have reported their association with obesity. The...
Amylase genes reside in a structurally complex locus, and their copy numbers vary greatly, and several studies have reported their association with obesity. The mechanism of this effect was partially explained by changes in the oral and gut microbiome compositions; however, a detailed mechanism has been unclarified. In this study, we showed their association with diabetes in addition to obesity, and further discovered a plausible mechanism of this association based on the function of commensal bacteria. First, we confirmed that the amylase copy number in the population tends to be larger than that reported in other studies and that there is a positive association between obesity and diabetes (p = 1.89E-2 and 8.63E-3). Second, we identified that relative abundance of some genus level microbiome, Capnocytophaga, Dialister, and previously reported bacteria, were significantly associated with amylase copy numbers. Finally, through functional gene-set analysis using shotgun sequencing, we observed that the abundance of genes in the Acarbose pathway in the gut microbiome was significantly decreased with an increase in the amylase copy number (p-value = 5.80E-4). Our findings can partly explain the mechanism underlying obesity and diabetes in populations with high amylase copy numbers.
Topics: Amylases; DNA Copy Number Variations; Diabetes Mellitus; Gene Dosage; Humans; Japan; Microbiota; Obesity; Salivary alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 35538098
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11730-7 -
BioMed Research International 2020Pellitory plant ( (PJ)) is one of the most widely used Arabian traditional medicinal plants due to its ability to cure several infectious diseases and other illnesses....
Pellitory plant ( (PJ)) is one of the most widely used Arabian traditional medicinal plants due to its ability to cure several infectious diseases and other illnesses. The current study is aimed at assessing the phytoconstituents, antilipase, antiamylase, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic characters of the Pellitory plant ( (PJ)). Phytochemical screening and procyanidin detection were conducted according to the standard phytochemical procedures. Porcine pancreatic lipase and -amylase inhibitory activities were carried out using -nitrophenyl butyrate and dinitrosalicylic acid assays, respectively. In addition, antimicrobial activity was determined utilizing a microdilution assay against several bacterial and fungal strains. Besides, the cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell line was tested employing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The quantitative test results revealed that the methanol fraction of PJ contains 18.55 ± 0.55 mg of procyanidin and has a potential -amylase inhibitory activity compared with the antidiabetic drug Acarbose with IC values of 15.84 ± 2.25 and 28.18 ± 1.22 g/ml, respectively. Also, it has a potential antilipase activity compared to the commercial antiobesity drug, Orlistat, with IC values of 38.9 ± 0.29 and 12.3 ± 0.35 g/ml, respectively. The acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against the screened bacterial strains, while the acetone fraction has shown anticandidal activity with a MIC value of 0.195 mg/ml. The PJ hexane and acetone fractions decreased HeLa cell viability significantly ( value < 0.0001) by approximately 90% at the concentration of 0.625 mg/ml. The revealed outcomes showed that the methanol fraction has strong -amylase and lipase inhibitory characters. Besides, acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while the acetone fraction revealed potent antifungal activity against . Moreover, at low concentrations, hexane and acetone fractions have potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against HeLa cancer cells. Nevertheless, PJ acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions can serve as an effective source of natural products to develop new antiobesity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Biflavonoids; Calibration; Catechin; Cell Death; Enzyme Inhibitors; HeLa Cells; Humans; Lipase; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Parietaria; Phytochemicals; Proanthocyanidins; Swine; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 33415153
DOI: 10.1155/2020/6965306 -
PloS One 2021Salivary biomarkers have been widely used to help diagnose stress, anxiety, and/or depression. This study aimed to compare the responses of three commonly investigated...
Salivary biomarkers have been widely used to help diagnose stress, anxiety, and/or depression. This study aimed to compare the responses of three commonly investigated salivary stress biomarkers that represent the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity (cortisol; sCort) and the sympathetic activity (alpha-amylase; sAA and chromogranin A; sCgA), using academic oral presentation as a model of stress. Twenty postgraduate dental students attended the seminar class as presenter and audience. The presenters' performances were evaluated by the instructors suggesting more stress than the audience. The saliva was collected two times: before attending class and after an academic presentation (for presenters) or during the class (for audience). The pulse rates (PR) were also recorded. The results showed that the levels of all three biomarkers, as well as PR, were significantly higher in the presenter group compared with the audience group; however, the changes were most prominent with sCort and sAA (99.56 ± 12.76% for sCort, 93.48 ± 41.29% for sAA, 16.86 ± 6.42% for sCgA, and 15.06 ± 3.41% for PR). When compared between pre-post presentation, the levels of sCgA were not different, while those of sCort and sAA were significantly increased. These results suggest more sensitive reactivity to academic stress of sCort and sAA compared with sCgA and that the response of sCgA did not necessarily follow sAA pattern even though both are claimed to reflect the sympathetic activity. More studies are needed to elucidate the roles of sCgA in stress.
Topics: Adult; Amylases; Biomarkers; Chromogranin A; Dentistry; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Heart Rate; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; Saliva; Stress, Psychological; Students; Test Anxiety
PubMed: 34383867
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256172 -
Hormones and Behavior Sep 2021Associations between hair cortisol concentration (HCC), diurnal salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA), and temperament dimensions were examined among...
Associations between hair cortisol concentration (HCC), diurnal salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA), and temperament dimensions were examined among 3-6-year-old Finnish children (n = 833). Children's hair samples were collected at preschool, while parents collected five saliva samples from children during one weekend day and completed a questionnaire assessing child's temperament dimensions i.e. surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control (HCC, n = 677; AUCg of sAA, n = 380; AUCg of sCort, n = 302; temperament dimensions, n = 751). In linear regression analysis, diurnal sCort associated positively with HCC, the association persisting after adjustments (β 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.42). In logistic regression analysis, increasing scores in effortful control associated with higher likelihood of having high HCC (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.07-2.03), the association slightly attenuating to non-significant after adjustments. Otherwise, no clear indication for associations between temperament and stress-related biomarkers were found.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Hair; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Saliva; Salivary alpha-Amylases; Temperament
PubMed: 34418581
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105042 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2023Ectopic production of amylase by tumor cells is known since 1951. Elevated amylase in multiple myeloma (MM) was first described in 1988. It has been postulated that...
BACKGROUND
Ectopic production of amylase by tumor cells is known since 1951. Elevated amylase in multiple myeloma (MM) was first described in 1988. It has been postulated that translocation of chromosome 1, where amylase gene is situated, is responsible for ectopic production from the malignant plasma cells. Anecdotal reports have shown hyperamylasemia in MM to be associated with extensive bone disease, rapid progression, and shorter survival. Serum amylase estimation is a ubiquitous test. This prospective study was conducted to ascertain the degree of elevated amylase, its clinical utility, and implications in MM patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In an 18-month period, all consenting patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed MM were tested for serum amylase levels. The study excluded patients with elevated lipase, abnormal creatinine clearance, and evidence of intestinal obstruction or perforation. Patients with amylase value >100 U/L were designated to have "elevated amylase level" for the purpose of this study.
RESULTS
We enrolled 58 patients with MM, of which 29.3% (n = 17) were found to have elevated serum amylase levels. The median age of patients with elevated amylase was 65 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. There was no statistical association between age, gender, type of heavy chain class, light chain, or high-risk cytogenetics. Among patients with the International Staging System (ISS), Stages I, II, and III, 20.8% (n = 5), 31.3% (n = 5), and 41.2% (n = 7) were noted to have elevated amylase levels. A statistically significant association was noted between the presence of extramedullary disease (EMD) and elevated amylase level (P = 0.028). Higher mortality (29.4% versus 17%) and shorter mean survival of (30.2 ± 3.3 months versus 51.7 + 4.9 months) were recorded in patients with elevated amylase levels in comparison to those with normal levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Elevated serum amylase level in MM is indicative of advanced ISS stage, the presence of EMD, higher risk of mortality, and shorter survival. Serum amylase can be used as a cost-effective tool in myeloma management.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Amylases; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 37787288
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2143_21 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... Nov 2021The aim of the study was to assess the salivary IgA (immunoglobulin A) and alpha amylase levels in the unstimulated whole saliva samples of caries-free and caries-active... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to assess the salivary IgA (immunoglobulin A) and alpha amylase levels in the unstimulated whole saliva samples of caries-free and caries-active children and correlate it with the caries status and age.
STUDY DESIGN
The salivary IgA and amylase was investigated in 100 children in the range of 8-12 years divided in two groups, control group (DMFT and/or deft = 0) and study group (DMFT/deft score ≥5). The salivary IgA was measured using kit based on two-site sandwich enzyme immunoassay principle and amylase was estimated using the vitro amyl slides.
RESULTS
The mean salivary IgA and amylase levels in the saliva of the children in the control group was found to be significantly increased (p=.001 and p=.014 respectively) whereas the relationship between salivary IgA and amylase levels in the saliva of the children was found to be insignificant with the age (p=.392 and p=.306 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated that salivary IgA and amylase levels in saliva increased significantly in caries free children and the level of salivary IgA and alpha amylase has no significant relation with the age of the children.
Topics: Amylases; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Saliva; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 34740270
DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-45.5.6 -
Pediatric Obesity Dec 2022Little is known about the effect of serum amylase enzymatic activity on glucose metabolism. We investigated the association of serum amylase enzymatic activity with...
Association of total and pancreatic serum amylase enzymatic activity with insulin resistance and the glucose and insulin responses to oral starch test in Mexican children.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Little is known about the effect of serum amylase enzymatic activity on glucose metabolism. We investigated the association of serum amylase enzymatic activity with fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance (IR), and the plasma glucose and insulin response to an oral starch test (OST) in Mexican children.
METHODS
Anthropometric data, glucose and insulin levels, and the serum enzymatic activity of total (AMYt), salivary (AMY1), and pancreatic (AMY2) amylase were analysed in 764 children (N = 427/N = 337). After categorization into low (LA) and high (HA) AMYt, an OST with commercial white bread was performed in 39 children (N = 17/N = 22).
RESULTS
A positive association between serum enzymatic activity of AMY2 and IR was observed in children with obesity (p = 0.018). Children with normal weight had lower plasma glucose and insulin response to OST than children with obesity (P = 4.1 × 10 ; P = 2.1 × 10 ). Compared with the LA group, children with HA showed lower plasma glucose and insulin response to OST (P ≤ 0.040; P ≤ 0.015).
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that AMY2 is positively associated with IR. A high level of AMYt is related to lower glucose and insulin responses to OST in Mexican children, regardless of their weight status.
Topics: Child; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Insulin; Starch; Glucose; Blood Glucose; Salivary alpha-Amylases; Obesity; Amylases
PubMed: 36350201
DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12965