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Journal of Cardiovascular Development... Oct 2020Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the... (Review)
Review
Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the anatomy of normal hearts and the pathologies of acquired and congenital heart diseases. While cardiac anatomy as a research discipline has become largely subservient to molecular biology, anatomists like Professor Anderson demonstrate anatomy has much to offer. Here, we provide cases of early anatomical insights on the heart that were rediscovered, and expanded on, by molecular techniques: migration of neural crest cells to the heart was deduced from histological observations (1908) and independently shown again with experimental interventions; pharyngeal mesoderm is added to the embryonic heart (1973) in what is now defined as the molecularly distinguishable second heart field; chambers develop from the heart tube as regional pouches in what is now considered the ballooning model by the molecular identification of regional differentiation and proliferation. The anatomical discovery of the conduction system by Purkinje, His, Tawara, Keith, and Flack is a special case because the main findings were never neglected in later molecular studies. Professor Anderson has successfully demonstrated that sound knowledge of anatomy is indispensable for proper understanding of cardiac development.
PubMed: 33076272
DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040044 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science May 2022Art in medicine, especially in anatomy, is the creative expression of the structural form of life, specifically life as manifested in human anatomy. Artists and...
Art in medicine, especially in anatomy, is the creative expression of the structural form of life, specifically life as manifested in human anatomy. Artists and anatomists together produced images of the body that combined medical knowledge and an artistic vision. In Korea, the pioneer of artistic anatomy was Lee Quede (1913-1965). During the Korean War (1950-1953), in the Geoje prisoner of war camp, he produced anatomical drawings and notes about the human body to teach artistic anatomy to his fellow refugee Lee Ju-yeong. Human anatomy, physiognomic differences among races, and phrenology are explained in those drawings. His drawing notes relied upon his own memories of what he had learned at Teikoku Art School in Japan, where he obtained knowledge on artistic anatomy from Nishida Masaaki (1894-1961). Seventy-four drawings and their explanations were produced. The table of contents was ordered starting from body proportions, followed by the skeleton, the muscles, and the head. The essential forms, proportions and movement were included. In École Supérieur des Beaux Arts in France, Kume Geichiro (1866-1934) was a pupil of Mathias Duval (1844-1907) and Paul Richer (1849-1933). In Teikoku Art School, Kume lectured on art anatomy using the books written by Duval and Richer. Kume handed over his lectures to Nishida, and Lee Quede learned from Nishida. Thereafter, Lee Quede's anatomical knowledge was based on the French artistic anatomy of the 19 century, succeeded by Kume and Nishida. Lee Quede's drawing notes are valuable documents for assessing the influence of Japanese artistic anatomy on Korean artistic anatomy.
Topics: Anatomy, Artistic; Books; Hand; Humans; Knowledge; Medicine
PubMed: 35502505
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e139 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jun 2020Regenerative repair in response to wounding involves cell proliferation and migration. This is followed by the reestablishment of cell structure and organization and a... (Review)
Review
Regenerative repair in response to wounding involves cell proliferation and migration. This is followed by the reestablishment of cell structure and organization and a dynamic process of remodeling and restoration of the injured cells' extracellular matrix microenvironment and the integration of the newly synthesized matrix into the surrounding tissue. Fibrosis in the lungs, liver, and heart can lead to loss of life and in the eye to loss of vision. Learning to control fibrosis and restore normal tissue function after injury repair remains a goal of research in this area. Here we use knowledge gained using the lens and the cornea to provide insight into how fibrosis develops and clues to how it can be controlled. The lens and cornea are less complex than other tissues that develop life-threatening fibrosis, but they are well characterized and research using them as model systems to study fibrosis is leading toward an improved understanding of fibrosis. Here we summarize the current state of the literature and how it is leading to promising new treatments. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Topics: Animals; Cornea; Extracellular Matrix; Fibrosis; Humans; Lens, Crystalline
PubMed: 30768772
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24088 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Since its advent, robotic surgery has redefined the operating room experience. It directly addressed and resolved many of the shortcomings of laparoscopic methods while...
Since its advent, robotic surgery has redefined the operating room experience. It directly addressed and resolved many of the shortcomings of laparoscopic methods while maintaining a minimally invasive approach that brought benefits in cosmesis and healing for patients but also benefits in ergonomics and precision for surgeons. This new platform has brought with it changes in surgical training and education, principally through the utilization of virtual reality. Accurate depictions of human anatomy seen through augmented reality allow the surgeon-in-training to learn, practice and perfect their skills before they operate on their first patient. However, the anatomical knowledge required for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is distinct from current methods of dissection and prosection that inherently cater towards open surgery with large cuts and unobstructed field. It is integral that robotic surgeons are also equipped with accurate anatomical information, heralding a new era in which anatomists can work alongside those developing virtual reality technology to create anatomical training curricula for MIS. As the field of surgery and medicine in general moves to include more and more technology, it is only fitting that the building blocks of medical education follow suit and rediscover human anatomy in a modern context.
Topics: Clinical Competence; Humans; Laparoscopy; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Robotics; Surgeons; Virtual Reality
PubMed: 34886470
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312744 -
Journal of Anatomy Feb 2022Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, is still recognized today-above all for his oil paintings and mechanical inventions. His anatomical studies have attracted...
Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, is still recognized today-above all for his oil paintings and mechanical inventions. His anatomical studies have attracted less attention, even though he devoted over 30 years of his life to them. This paper outlines Leonardo's career and research methods and focuses on the importance of his medical images for anatomical research and teaching. Following a short presentation of the state of (dental) medicine in the early Renaissance period, it offers a description of five of his cranial drawings that show the anatomy of the teeth, the nervous and vascular system on inner and outer tables of the skull and the paranasal sinuses in great detail. Leonardo da Vinci had obviously discovered and depicted the maxillary sinus 150 years before the anatomist Nathaniel Highmore, who is usually credited with this discovery. Other anatomical drawings by Leonardo address the correct human dental formula and describe the morphology of the four types of teeth. His handwritten notes show that he recognized the connection between tooth form and function. Finally, this paper evaluates the influence of these discoveries and innovations on the development of dentistry and its establishment as a scientific discipline. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci's preoccupation with the anatomy of the maxillofacial region influenced the development of anatomy and dentistry, even though he never published his anatomical research.
Topics: Anatomy; Famous Persons; Head; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; Human Body; Humans; Male; Skull; Tooth
PubMed: 34595744
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13561 -
Acta Clinica Croatica Dec 2019Perhaps best known for his discovery of the eponymous syndrome 'Bell's Palsy', Charles Bell (1774-1842) made significant contributions to neuroscience, medical education... (Review)
Review
Perhaps best known for his discovery of the eponymous syndrome 'Bell's Palsy', Charles Bell (1774-1842) made significant contributions to neuroscience, medical education and philosophy. Our aim was to examine his neuroanatomical drawings in the context of the era in which they were produced and their influence on future scholars. Emphasis is placed on analysing the artistic techniques employed and Bell's unique manner of conveying both structure and function. The images discussed include those featured in his book entitled . These images can be viewed in parallel with his writing on the anatomy of the brain, in which he describes the usual manner of demonstrating neuroanatomy as 'dull' and 'unmeaning'. His mastery of artistic technique complements his insightful descriptions of this prodigiously complex organ. The result is a more engaging account of neuroanatomy and an impressive display of his skill as an artist, anatomist and physician. Examining these expressive portrait-like diagrams provides greater insight into the mind of the pioneer of modern neuroscience.
Topics: Adult; Anatomy, Artistic; Bell Palsy; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; Humans; Male; Medical Illustration; Retrospective Studies; Scotland; Surgeons
PubMed: 32595259
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.04.21 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2020
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; History, 18th Century; Horses; Medicine in the Arts
PubMed: 32696594
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24499