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PloS One 2020Hostility and other related terms like anger and aggression are often used interchangeably to describe antagonistic affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychometric studies...
Hostility and other related terms like anger and aggression are often used interchangeably to describe antagonistic affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychometric studies suggest that hostility consists of multiple separate factors, but consensus is currently lacking. In the present study we examined the hierarchical structure of hostility. The hierarchical structure of hostility was examined in N = 376 people (i.e., a mixed community and highly hostile sample), using both specific and broad hostility self-report measures. A series of Principal Components Analyses revealed the structure of hostility at five levels of specificity. At intermediate levels, hostility can consistently be expressed in affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. At the most specific level, hostility can be expressed in terms of Angry Affect; Hostile Intent; and Verbal, Relational, and Physical Aggression. The pattern of associations showed significant convergence, and some divergence with broad and more specific hostility measures. The present findings stress the need for novel instruments that capture each hostility facet separately to reduce conceptual confounding.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Aggression; Anger; Cognition; Female; Hostility; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Personality Inventory; Principal Component Analysis; Self Report
PubMed: 32991609
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239631 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Dec 2022This study investigated gender differences in the accuracy and speed of recognition of facial expressions of sadness, anger, and fear in male and female models showing...
This study investigated gender differences in the accuracy and speed of recognition of facial expressions of sadness, anger, and fear in male and female models showing these emotions. According to the fitness threat hypothesis, females should be faster and more accurate in recognising emotional facial expressions of fear and sadness, whereas males should be faster and more accurate in recognising anger. According to the evolutionary opponent's emotion recognition, male observers should be more efficient in recognising emotions presented by male models, and female observers in recognising emotions presented by female models. The facial expression recognition task included 210 colour images from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) database. The sample consisted of university students (29 male and 29 female). Testing was conducted individually, and efficiency measured with accuracy and speed of recognition (reaction time). The results showed that females were faster than males in recognizing all three facial expressions. They were also more accurate in recognizing fear, whereas there were no gender differences in accurate recognition of sadness and anger. No significant interactions were found between model and observer gender on either measure (accuracy and speed of recognition). However, all three emotional expressions were recognised more accurately, but not faster, when the model was female. The gender-specific pattern in facial expression recognition found in this study does not completely corroborate the fitness threat hypothesis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Sadness; Facial Expression; Anger; Fear; Emotions
PubMed: 36607723
DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3662 -
Psychological Trauma : Theory,... Nov 2023PTSD and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur among veterans. Integrated exposure-based treatments, such as Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD Using... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
PTSD and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur among veterans. Integrated exposure-based treatments, such as Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE), are efficacious in reducing PTSD and SUD symptoms and posttraumatic emotions. This study examines whether guilt and anger (a) decreased in a randomized clinical trial comparing COPE with Relapse Prevention (RP) therapy for SUD and (b) mediated PTSD and SUD symptom reductions or vice versa.
METHOD
Veterans (90.1% men) diagnosed with PTSD and SUD were randomized to 12 sessions of COPE ( = 54) or RP ( = 27). Guilt and anger were assessed at 10 time points during treatment. Multilevel linear models assessed changes in guilt and anger across treatments and lagged multilevel mediation analyses assessed within-subject change in guilt and anger predicting PTSD and percent days of substance use, and vice versa.
RESULTS
Guilt ( = -.12, = .02, < .001) and anger ( = -.13, = .02, < .001) improved in both treatments, however guilt was significantly lower in Sessions 7 through 11 among veterans receiving COPE. Improvement in guilt mediated PTSD symptom improvement in both treatment groups ( = -.08, = .04, 95% CI [-.16, -.01]), and PTSD symptom improvement mediated anger reduction in COPE ( = -.03, = .01, 95% CI [-.06, -.01]). The substance use models were insignificant.
CONCLUSIONS
Among veterans, integrated, trauma-focused treatments may be associated with greater guilt (directly) and anger (indirectly) reductions due to processing trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Veterans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Implosive Therapy; Comorbidity; Anger; Guilt; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35025558
DOI: 10.1037/tra0001204 -
Social Cognitive and Affective... Oct 2022Alexithymia is characterized by impairments in emotion processing, frequently linked to facial expressions of emotion. The eye-region conveys information necessary for...
Alexithymia is characterized by impairments in emotion processing, frequently linked to facial expressions of emotion. The eye-region conveys information necessary for emotion processing. It has been demonstrated that alexithymia is associated with reduced attention to the eyes, but little is known regarding the cognitive and electrophysiological mechanisms underlying emotive eye-region processing in alexithymia. Here, we recorded behavioral and electrophysiological responses of individuals with alexithymia (ALEX; n = 25) and individuals without alexithymia (NonALEX; n = 23) while they viewed intact and eyeless faces with angry and sad expressions during a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation task. Results showed different eye-region focuses and differentiating N1 responses between intact and eyeless faces to anger and sadness in NonALEX, but not in ALEX, suggesting deficient perceptual processing of the eye-region in alexithymia. Reduced eye-region focus and smaller differences in frontal alpha asymmetry in response to sadness between intact and eyeless faces were observed in ALEX than NonALEX, indicative of impaired affective processing of the eye-region in alexithymia. These findings highlight perceptual and affective abnormalities of emotive eye-region processing in alexithymia. Our results contribute to understanding the neuropsychopathology of alexithymia and alexithymia-related disorders.
Topics: Affective Symptoms; Anger; Emotions; Eye; Facial Expression; Humans
PubMed: 35277722
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac013 -
Perspectives in Psychiatric Care Oct 2021This study was carried out in a cross-sectional and correlational design to explore the relationship between anxiety levels and anger expression styles of nurses during...
OBJECTIVE
This study was carried out in a cross-sectional and correlational design to explore the relationship between anxiety levels and anger expression styles of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
The sample of this cross-sectional and correlational type of study consisted of 618 nurses calculated with the snowball sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers, the state anxiety inventory, and the trait anger and anger expression scale and was conducted between May 10 and 20, 2020 using an online questionnaire form. Percentage, mean, standard deviation, the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the data.
RESULTS
The mean age of nurses was 34.98 ± 8.36 years (min: 20; max: 53), 87.4% were women, and 81.7% experienced a high level of anxiety. The anger scores of the participants were found to be 20.04 ± 4.43, the anger-in score was 15.55 ± 3.34, the anger-out score was 14.01 ± 2.87, and the anger control score was 22.93 ± 3.6. Being married, the presence of chronic disease, living in the Marmara region, working shifts, presence of an individual over 65 years of age at home, and having a COVID-19 test were found to be risk factors that significantly increase nurses' anxieties. A significant positive relationship was found between the anxiety scores, trait anger (r = 0.249, p = 0.000), anger-in (r = 0.174, p = 0.000) and anger-out (r = 0.205, p = 0.000) scores of nurses, and a significant negative relationship was found between the anxiety scores and anger control (r = 0.249, p = 0.000) score.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that in the COVID-19 pandemic the anxiety levels of the nurses were high and that the high anxiety level negatively affected the style of anger expression, but the nurses were successful in maintaining anger control. In line with these results, it is important that nurses develop effective coping strategies to reduce their anxiety levels and that they receive increased levels of support in managing anger expression.
Topics: Adult; Anger; Anxiety; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Nurses; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33634484
DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12756 -
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 2021Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional...
INTRODUCTION
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional state of anger is often associated with suicidal behavior. However, this association needs to be further clarified.
OBJECTIVES
This study sought to investigate the profiles of traits and expressions of anger in inpatients admitted to a general emergency hospital after surviving a suicide attempt.
METHODS
In this case-control study, a sample of 28 suicide survivors was matched for sex, age, and educational level with 56 controls. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 was used to measure anger traits and expression.
RESULTS
Suicide survivors scored higher for anger traits and expression and lower for anger control than the control group. They also had lower levels of state anger and willingness to express anger verbally than the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients who attempted suicide and had high scores for anger expression (in and out) are inclined to have extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships and rigidity towards change and are at higher risk of developing psychopathologies.
Topics: Anger; Brazil; Case-Control Studies; Hospitals; Humans; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 35030305
DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0097 -
Social Cognitive and Affective... Nov 2019Electroencephalographic (EEG) frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been associated with differences in the experience and expression of emotion, motivation and anger in...
Electroencephalographic (EEG) frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been associated with differences in the experience and expression of emotion, motivation and anger in normal and clinical populations. The current study is the first to investigate FAA in alcohol-related intimate partner violence. EEG was recorded from 23 distressed violent (DV) and 15 distressed nonviolent (DNV) partners during a placebo-controlled alcohol administration and emotion-regulation study. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 was used to evaluate anger experiences and was collected from both participants and their partners. During baseline, acute alcohol intoxication DV partners had significantly greater right FAA, whereas DNV partners showed greater left FAA. Both partner types demonstrated significantly greater right FAA during the placebo beverage condition of the emotion-regulation task when viewing evocative partner displays of contempt, belligerence, criticism, defensiveness and stonewalling, but greater left FAA during acute alcohol intoxication. Although no group differences were found in the emotion-regulation task, partner self-reported anger experiences accounted for 67% of the variance in the FAA of DV participants when intoxicated and viewing evocative stimuli, suggesting dyadic processes are important in understanding alcohol-related IPV. These findings suggest that FAA could index the affective and motivational determinants through which alcohol is related to IPV.
Topics: Adult; Aggression; Alcoholism; Anger; Emotions; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Male; Self Report; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 31989162
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz101 -
Acta Psychologica Jun 2022Previous studies suggested that childhood maltreatment was associated with cyberbullying. However, it's not clear the internal cognitive processes of how maltreatment...
Previous studies suggested that childhood maltreatment was associated with cyberbullying. However, it's not clear the internal cognitive processes of how maltreatment causes cyberbullying. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the effect of childhood maltreatment on cyberbullying and the mediating effects of hostile attribution bias and anger rumination. A sample of 528 college students completed the measures of childhood maltreatment, cyberbullying, hostile attribution bias, and anger rumination. Multiple mediation analysis and bootstrapping showed that hostile attribution bias and anger rumination mediated the link between child maltreatment and cyberbullying. The results of this study suggested that childhood maltreatment increased the risk of cyberbullying, which was caused by a co-effect of hostile attribution bias and anger rumination, and it provides an intervention direction for effectively preventing the cyberbullying in abused individuals.
Topics: Anger; Child; Child Abuse; Cognition; Cyberbullying; Humans; Students
PubMed: 35427930
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103588 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2020The circadian pattern of blood pressure is characterized by a physiological drop occurring after sleep onset. The alteration of this phenomenon (non-dipping, extreme...
INTRODUCTION
The circadian pattern of blood pressure is characterized by a physiological drop occurring after sleep onset. The alteration of this phenomenon (non-dipping, extreme dipping, or reverse dipping) is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Besides altered autonomic and endocrine circadian rhythms, psychological aspects seem to play a role in this modification. However, the few studies that have analyzed the influence of psychological dimensions on the dipping phenomenon have reported inconsistent results. This study aimed to examine the relationship between anger expression and blood pressure (BP) dipping.
METHODS
We obtained 24 h ambulatory BP measurements from 151 participants and used them to define three groups according to their dipping status: Dippers ( = 65), Non-Dippers ( = 42), and Extreme Dippers ( = 44). Sociodemographic and anamnestic information was collected, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory was used to assess anger.
RESULTS
Analysis of variance evidenced significant higher scores for Trait Anger Temperament and Anger Expression in Extreme Dippers than in both Dippers and Non-Dippers. However, after controlling for confounding variables, there was no significant relationship with trait anger, and only the result concerning the suppression of anger was confirmed.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the analysis of some psychological factors, such as anger, could be necessary to better understand differences in nocturnal BP alterations. Trait anger and suppression of anger may contribute to the description and classification of patients who exhibit a maladaptive dipping phenomenon. However, modifiable (i.e., cigarette consumption) and unmodifiable (i.e., age) risk factors appear to mediate this relationship. Although further studies are necessary to explore this association, these results highlight that some aspects of anger can represent risk factors or markers of maladaptive modulation of the dipping phenomenon.
Topics: Aged; Anger; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 32326399
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082705 -
Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical... Aug 2022The present study is focused on anger expression and regulation within the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) construct of...
The present study is focused on anger expression and regulation within the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) construct of Frustrative Nonreward. Although previous studies have examined associations between child anger regulation and expression, these studies do not directly address the dynamic processes involved in Frustrative Nonreward using microlongitudinal methods. The current study used data from 561 adopted children, their adoptive parents, and birth parents and aimed to address gaps in the literature by examining: (a) temporal associations between anger expression during a frustrating situation, and behaviors thought to regulate emotions (e.g., attempt-to-escape, support-seeking, distraction, and focus-on-restraint) on a microlongitudinal scale during an arm restraint task assessed at 27 months; (b) birth parent externalizing problems and overreactive parenting by adoptive parents as predictors of child anger expression and moderators of the moment-to-moment associations estimated in Step 1; and (c) longitudinal associations (linear vs. quadratic) between anger expressions and externalizing behaviors at 4.5 years. Findings indicated that children's attempt-to-escape and support-seeking predicted an increase in anger expression in the following 3-s interval, whereas distraction and focus-on-restraint were not associated with changes in anger expression. Furthermore, we found that birth parents' externalizing problems were significantly associated with child anger expression, suggesting heritable influences. Anger expression showed a U-shaped longitudinal association with paternal report of externalizing behaviors at 4.5 years. Taken together, the findings emphasize the significance of integrating microlongitudinal analysis approaches into the RDoC framework, helping to advance our understanding of dynamic processes underlying reactions to Frustrative Nonreward. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Anger; Child, Preschool; Emotions; Humans; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 35901390
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000658