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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being...
The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being extensively distributed and widely appreciated by Spanish consumers, studies regarding parasite presence in this fish are scarce. In the present work, a hundred and eight specimens from the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain (Catalan waters) were surveyed for the presence of nematode parasites. Several species were morphologically identified: third-stage larvae of type I (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 131), third-stage larvae of type II (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 18), third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of spp. ( = 48), adults of sp. ( = 391), and adults of ( = 69). Moreover, some fish and decapode species were also observed as part of the host's diet, with the most detected preys being , , sp., and . This represents the first survey of nematode parasites infecting from the northeastern Spanish Mediterranean waters. Among the parasite species detected, the presence of species should be highlighted as the ingestion of parasitized with these larvae could potentially lead to anisakiasis in consumers.
PubMed: 38003791
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111326 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2020We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to...
We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis. Anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence and risk factors for 600 employees of Croatian fish processing facilities and 466 blood donor controls, were assessed by indirect ELISA targeted with: recombinant Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 allergens, an Anisakis crude extract, the commercial ImmunoCAP kit, and questionnaires. Genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis was evaluated by genotypisation of human leukocytes alleles (HLA). Anti-Anisakis seropositive and a fraction of negative subjects were also assessed by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) for IgG seroprevalence to Trichinella spp. Overall, the observed anti-Anisakis seroprevalence inferred by indirect ELISA was significantly higher in fish processing workers (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9-3.3%) compared to the controls (0%, 0-0.8%). Seven out of 11 Ani s 1 and Ani s 7-positives and none of selected 65 negative sera, tested positive on whole-Anisakis extract (ImmunoCAP), whereas Anisakis crude extract ELISA detected 3.9% (2.4-6.0%) seropositives in fish processing workers, three (14%) of which showed IgE reactivity to milk proteins. The highest risk associated with Anisakis-sensitization among workers was fishing in the free time, rather than any of attributes related to the occupational exposure. Although no association was observed between anti-Anisakis seropositivity and wearing gloves or protective goggles, the majority of workers (92%) wore protective gloves, minimizing the risk for Anisakis sensitization via skin contact. Six HLA alleles within DRB1 gene were significantly associated with seropositivity under dominant, allelic or recessive models. All sera confirmed negative for anti-Trichinella spp. IgG. The study exhaustively covered almost all marine fish processing workers in Croatia, reflecting real-time Anisakis sensitization status within the industry, already under the influence of wide array of allergens.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Croatia; Eye Protective Devices; Fishes; Food Handling; Gloves, Protective; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Occupational Exposure; Risk Factors; Trichinella
PubMed: 31986138
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008038 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2020Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and...
BACKGROUND
Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mitochondria; Occludin; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen Consumption; Protein Transport; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tissue Extracts; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
PubMed: 32628665
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to...
INTRODUCTION
is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to complete its life cycle. It is also a zoonotic species, able to accidentally infect humans (anisakiasis). To investigate the molecular signals involved in this host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis, the proteomic composition of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the third-stage larvae (L3) of , was characterized.
METHODS
Genetically identified L3 of were maintained for 24 h at 37°C and EVs were isolated by serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation of culture media. Proteomic analysis was performed by Shotgun Analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EVs showed spherical shaped structure (size 65-295 nm). Proteomic results were blasted against the specific transcriptomic database, and 153 unique proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted several proteins belonging to distinct metabolic pathways. The similarity search employing selected parasitic nematodes database revealed that proteins associated with EVs might be involved in parasite survival and adaptation, as well as in pathogenic processes. Further, a possible link between the EVs proteins those of human and cetaceans' hosts, were predicted by using HPIDB database. The results, herein described, expand knowledge concerning the proteins possibly implied in the host-parasite interactions between this parasite and its natural and accidental hosts.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Larva; Parasites; Proteomics; Anisakiasis; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37009516
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1079991 -
Parasitology Research Sep 2021This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus,...
This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ligurian and central-northern Tyrrhenian Seas. The relationship between the number of parasites and the length and weight parameters of the fish was assessed, and the possible effect of the parasites on the condition factor was evaluated. A total of 190 T. trachurus specimens were collected in July 2019. Parasites were found in 70 individuals. A total of 161 visible larvae were collected in the viscera. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of Anisakis spp. in 55 fish and Hysterothylacium spp. in 15 fish, while 5 fish showed coinfection with both genera. The specimens subjected to PCR (n = 67) showed that 85% of the Anisakis larvae analyzed belonged to the species A. pegreffii, while the remaining 15% belonged to hybrids of A. pegreffii-A. simplex (s.s.). A total of 58% (n = 7) of the Hysterothylacium larvae analyzed belonged to the species H. fabri, while 42% belonged to the species H. aduncum. Our results support the hypothesis that infection with these parasites does not affect the condition of the fish host analyzed, and that body size and depth are major drivers in determining infection levels with Anisakid and Raphidascaridid nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Ascaridoidea; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Larva
PubMed: 34390382
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07200-0 -
Case Reports in Gastroenterology 2021A 35-year-old Japanese man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting 35 h after...
A 35-year-old Japanese man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting 35 h after ingesting raw horse mackerel, sardines, and tuna. Computed tomography of the abdomen with intravenous contrast revealed significant thickening of the terminal ileum with mild proximal dilatation and moderate ascites. On colonoscopy, an actively moving anisakis larva was discovered in the terminal ileum. The larva was removed with endoscopic forceps. The patient's symptoms resolved quickly following the procedure.
PubMed: 33613163
DOI: 10.1159/000509949 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases....
sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of L3 larvae. ES proteins of were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of L3 larvae.
PubMed: 35215189
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246 -
Genes Mar 2020Ascaridoid nematodes are widespread in marine fishes. Despite their major socioeconomic importance, mechanisms associated to the fish-borne zoonotic disease anisakiasis...
Ascaridoid nematodes are widespread in marine fishes. Despite their major socioeconomic importance, mechanisms associated to the fish-borne zoonotic disease anisakiasis are still obscure. RNA-Seq and de-novo assembly were herein applied to RNA extracted from larvae and dissected pharynx of (HA), a non-pathogenic nematode. Assembled transcripts in HA were annotated and compared to the transcriptomes of the zoonotic species sensu stricto (AS) and (AP). Approximately 60,000,000 single-end reads were generated for HA, AS and AP. Transcripts in HA encoded for 30,254 putative peptides while AS and AP encoded for 20,574 and 20,840 putative peptides, respectively. Differential gene expression analyses yielded 471, 612 and 526 transcripts up regulated in the pharynx of HA, AS and AP. The transcriptomes of larvae and pharynx of HA were enriched in transcripts encoding collagen, peptidases, ribosomal proteins and in heat-shock motifs. Transcripts encoding proteolytic enzymes, anesthetics, inhibitors of primary hemostasis and virulence factors, anticoagulants and immunomodulatory peptides were up-regulated in AS and AP pharynx. This study represents the first transcriptomic characterization of a marine parasitic nematode commonly recovered in fish and probably of negligible concern for public health.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Conserved Sequence; Fishes; Genome, Helminth; Pharynx; Sequence Homology; Transcriptome; Virulence
PubMed: 32197414
DOI: 10.3390/genes11030321 -
Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis 2021Anisakiasis-related gastric eosinophilic granuloma is rare.
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis-related gastric eosinophilic granuloma is rare.
CASE REPORT
Herein, we report a patient with anisakiasis-related gastric eosinophilic granuloma who was treated with laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS). A 59-year-old woman was presented to our hospital for further examination of a gastric lesion that was initially diagnosed by a local medical doctor. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a submucosal tumor-like lesion in the lower body of the stomach. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic submucosal mass lesion in the submucosal layer measuring 10 mm, without evidence of deep involvement. Under a clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, the patient underwent LECS. Gross appearance of the resected specimen revealed a 1.5×1.0 cm submucosal tumor-like lesion. Microscopic examination revealed necrosed insects consistent with the characteristics of gastric anisakiasis, around which prominent eosinophilic infiltration and granulomas were observed. This prompted a diagnosis of gastric eosinophilic granuloma related to anisakiasis.
CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of gastric eosinophilic granuloma related to anisakiasis resected by LECS in the English medical literature. LECS might be a useful procedure for minimally invasive therapeutic diagnosis.
PubMed: 35403157
DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10068 -
Helminthologia Dec 2019The occurrence of zoonotic parasitic nematodes in Atlantic chub mackerels ( syn. ) from Libyan waters was investigated, using epizootiological estimations and molecular...
The occurrence of zoonotic parasitic nematodes in Atlantic chub mackerels ( syn. ) from Libyan waters was investigated, using epizootiological estimations and molecular specific characterization of larvae. Nematodes belonging to spp., the main etiological agent of anisakiasis in Mediterranean waters, and to spp. so far considered not pathogenic to humans, were detected. Prevalence values were generally high in visceral cavities (over 40 % for both parasites) while were low for (around 1 %) and null for in muscles. Moreover, the level of infections was associated with seasons, a feature potentially useful to plan fishing captures and to elaborate risk mitigation strategies for anisakiasis. Species molecular identification performed on a subsample described the presence of as the predominant species, along with and the hybrids ( and sensu stricto), thus posing a concrete zoonotic risk following the consumption of such fish species as a raw preparation.
PubMed: 31708677
DOI: 10.2478/helm-2019-0034