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Nutrients Apr 2021Type 2 diabetes is an increasing health concern worldwide. Both genetic and environmental risk factors as improper dietary habits or physical inactivity are known to be... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes is an increasing health concern worldwide. Both genetic and environmental risk factors as improper dietary habits or physical inactivity are known to be crucial in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols are a group of plant-derived compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that are associated with a low prevalence of metabolic conditions characterized by insulin resistance, including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, there is now full awareness that foods that are rich in phytochemicals and polyphenols could play an important role in preserving human cardiovascular health and substantial clinical evidence indicates that regular dietary consumption of such foods affects favorably carbohydrate metabolism. This review briefly summarizes the evidence relating dietary patterns rich in polyphenols with glucose metabolism and highlights the potential benefits of these compounds in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Flavonoids; Humans
PubMed: 33923263
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051445 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024The prevalence and incidence of obesity and the comorbidities linked to it are increasing worldwide. Current therapies for obesity and associated pathologies have proven... (Review)
Review
The prevalence and incidence of obesity and the comorbidities linked to it are increasing worldwide. Current therapies for obesity and associated pathologies have proven to cause a broad number of adverse effects, and often, they are overpriced or not affordable for all patients. Among the alternatives currently available, natural bioactive compounds stand out. These are frequently contained in pharmaceutical presentations, nutraceutical products, supplements, or functional foods. The clinical evidence for these molecules is increasingly solid, among which epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ellagic acid, resveratrol, berberine, anthocyanins, probiotics, carotenoids, curcumin, silymarin, hydroxy citric acid, and α-lipoic acid stand out. The molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of these molecules have been shown to interact with the endocrine, nervous, and gastroenteric systems. They can regulate the expression of multiple genes and proteins involved in starvation-satiety processes, activate the brown adipose tissue, decrease lipogenesis and inflammation, increase lipolysis, and improve insulin sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive view of nature-based therapeutic options to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. It offers a valuable perspective for future research and subsequent clinical practice, addressing everything from the molecular, genetic, and physiological bases to the clinical study of bioactive compounds.
Topics: Humans; Anthocyanins; Obesity; Dietary Supplements; Resveratrol; Thioctic Acid
PubMed: 38473918
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052671 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019Anthocyanin (AC) is widely used as supplement of eye health in Europe and in East Asia. In this review, I describe AC effects to clarify the mechanism is important in... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanin (AC) is widely used as supplement of eye health in Europe and in East Asia. In this review, I describe AC effects to clarify the mechanism is important in order to understand the effects of AC on vision health. The bioavailability of AC is quite low but, reported as intact form and many kinds of metabolite. And AC passes through the blood-aqueous fluid barrier and blood-retinal barrier. In vitro study, AC had a relaxing effect on ciliary muscle which is important to treat both myopia and glaucoma. And AC stimulate the regeneration of rhodopsin in frog rod outer segment. Furthermore, AC could inhibit the axial length and ocular length elongation in a negative lens-induced chick myopia model. In addition, we summarized clinical studies of AC intake improved dark adaptation and transient myopic shift and the improvement on retinal blood circulation in normal tension glaucoma patients.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Dark Adaptation; Eye; Tissue Distribution; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 31514422
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183311 -
Chemical Reviews Jan 2022Flavylium compounds are a well-known family of pigments because they are prevalent in the plant kingdom, contributing to colors over a wide range from shades of... (Review)
Review
Flavylium compounds are a well-known family of pigments because they are prevalent in the plant kingdom, contributing to colors over a wide range from shades of yellow-red to blue in fruits, flowers, leaves, and other plant parts. Flavylium compounds include a large variety of natural compound classes, namely, anthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, auronidins, and their respective aglycones as well as anthocyanin-derived pigments (e.g., pyranoanthocyanins, anthocyanin-flavan-3-ol dimers). During the past few decades, there has been increasing interest among chemists in synthesizing different flavylium compounds that mimic natural structures but with different substitution patterns that present a variety of spectroscopic characteristics in view of their applications in different industrial fields. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry of flavylium-based compounds, in particular, the synthetic and enzymatic approaches and mechanisms reported in the literature for obtaining different classes of pigments, their physical-chemical properties in relation to their pH-dependent equilibria network, and their chemical and enzymatic degradation. The development of flavylium-based systems is also described throughout this Review for emergent applications to explore some of the physical-chemical properties of the multistate of species generated by these compounds.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Color; Coloring Agents; Plants; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 34843220
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00399 -
Redox Biology May 2022This study investigated the effects of supplementation with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) on the postprandial dysmetabolism, inflammation, and redox... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study investigated the effects of supplementation with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) on the postprandial dysmetabolism, inflammation, and redox and insulin signaling, triggered by the consumption of a high fat meal (HFM) in healthy individuals. Participants (n = 25) consumed a 1026-kcal HFM simultaneously with either the CDRE providing 320.4 mg of anthocyanins (90% cyanidin and delphinidin) or placebo. Diets were randomly assigned in a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Blood was collected prior to (fasted, time 0), and for 5 h after meal consumption; plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. AC metabolites were detected in serum as early as 30 min after CDRE consumption. The CDRE mitigated HFM-induced endotoxemia, reducing increases in plasma LPS and LPS-binding protein. The CDRE also reduced other events associated with HFM-triggered postprandial dysmetabolism including: i) plasma glucose and triglyceride increases; ii) TNFα and NOX4 upregulation in PBMC; and iii) JNK1/2 activation in PBMC. The CDRE did not significantly affect HFM-mediated increases in plasma insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, and IKK phosphorylation in PBMC. In summary, dietary AC, i.e. cyanidin and delphinidin, exerted beneficial actions against unhealthy diets by modulating the associated postprandial dysmetabolism, endotoxemia, alterations of glycemia and lipidemia, and redox and insulin signaling.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diet, High-Fat; Endotoxemia; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Insulin; Leukocytes, Mononuclear
PubMed: 35255426
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102273 -
PloS One 2023Computational methods were used to investigate six anthocyanidins exhibiting antidiabetic activity by inhibiting glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) activity. Density...
Computational methods were used to investigate six anthocyanidins exhibiting antidiabetic activity by inhibiting glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) activity. Density functional theory was used to optimise the geometry of anthocyanidins and calculate their quantum chemical properties. A blind docking method was employed to conduct a molecular docking study, which revealed that delphinidin (Del), cyanidin (Cya), and pelargonidin (Pel) as potential GKRP inhibitors with the lowest binding free energy of -8.7, -8.6, and -8.6 kcal/mol, corresponding to high binding affinity. The molecular dynamics study further verified the blind docking results by showing high GKRP-F1P complex stability and high binding affinity calculated through the MM/GBSA method, upon the binding of pelargonidin. The lower RMSF values of pivotal GK-interacting residues for GKRP-F1P-Pel compared to GKRP-F1P, as a positive control, indicating pelargonidin ability to maintain the inactive conformation of GKRP through the inhibition of GK binding. The key residues that control the binding of the F1P to GKRP and anthocyanidin to GKRP-F1P were also identified in this study. Altogether, pelargonidin is anthocyanidins-derived natural products that have the most potential to act as inhibitors of GKRP and as antidiabetic nutraceuticals.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Carrier Proteins; Hypoglycemic Agents; Glucokinase
PubMed: 37467274
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288810 -
Journal of Evolutionary Biology Oct 2022Yellow and red autumn leaves are typical of many temperate/boreal woody plants. Since the 19 century, it has been either considered the non-functional outcome of... (Review)
Review
Yellow and red autumn leaves are typical of many temperate/boreal woody plants. Since the 19 century, it has been either considered the non-functional outcome of chlorophyll degradation that unmasks the pre-existing yellow and red pigments or that the de novo synthesis of red anthocyanins in autumn leaves indicated that it should have a physiological function, although it was commonly ignored. Defending free amino acids and various other resources released especially following the breakdown of the photosynthetic system, and mobilizing them for storage in other organs before leaf fall, is the cornerstone of both the physiological and anti-herbivory hypotheses about the functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration. The complicated phenomenon of conspicuous autumn leaf colouration has received significant attention since the year 2000, especially because ecologists started paying attention to its anti-herbivory potential. The obvious imperfection of the hypotheses put forth in several papers stimulated many other scientists. Hot debates among physiologists, among ecologists, and between physiologists and ecologists have been common since the year 2000, first because the various functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration are non-exclusive, and second because many scientists were trained to focus on a single subject. Here, I will review the debates, especially between the photoprotective and the anti-herbivory hypotheses, and describe both the progress in their understanding and the required progress.
Topics: Amino Acids; Anthocyanins; Chlorophyll; Plant Leaves; Seasons
PubMed: 35975328
DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14069 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Oct 2023Fruits of Fragaria species usually have an appealing bright red color due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoid pigments. Octoploid cultivated... (Review)
Review
Fruits of Fragaria species usually have an appealing bright red color due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoid pigments. Octoploid cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a major horticultural crop for which fruit color and associated nutritional value are main breeding targets. Great diversity in fruit color intensity and pattern is observed not only in cultivated strawberry but also in wild relatives such as its octoploid progenitor F. chiloensis or the diploid woodland strawberry F. vesca, a model for fruit species in the Rosaceae. This review examines our understanding of fruit color formation in strawberry and how ongoing developments will advance it. Natural variations of fruit color as well as color changes during fruit development or in response to several cues have been used to explore the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. So far, the successful identification of causal genetic variants has been largely driven by the availability of high-throughput genotyping tools and high-quality reference genomes of F. vesca and F. × ananassa. The current completion of haplotype-resolved genomes of F. × ananassa combined with QTL mapping will accelerate the exploitation of the untapped genetic diversity of fruit color and help translate the findings into strawberry improvement.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Fragaria; Fruit; Plant Breeding; Flavonoids
PubMed: 37386925
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad245 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C-C) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review... (Review)
Review
Research on the bioavailability of anthocyanins has focused, historically, on the non-flavonoid (C-C) products that arise from anthocyanins in vivo. However, this review focuses on the products of anthocyanins that still possess the flavonoid structure (C-C-C). Described herein are aspects of the in vivo pool of C-C-C anthocyanin-derived intermediates. Properties related to molecular size, shape, and polarity conveyed by six major anthocyanidin structures are discussed. The presence of a glycoside or not, and a variety of possible phase 2 conjugates, gives rise to a chemically diverse pool of C-C-C intermediates. Chemical properties influence the in vivo stability of anthocyanin-derived products, as well as their suitability as a substrate for xenobiotic conjugation and transport, and their association with the biomatrix. The flavonoid structure is associated with bioactivity and the particular properties of these C-C-C products of anthocyanins determines their deposition in the body, which may influence in vivo processes and ultimately health outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Humans; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 31703276
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224024 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Anthocyanins (ANTs) are plant pigments that belong to a flavanol class of polyphenols and have diverse pharmacological properties. These compounds are primarily found in... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins (ANTs) are plant pigments that belong to a flavanol class of polyphenols and have diverse pharmacological properties. These compounds are primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with an average daily intake of 180 mgd of these compounds in the developed world. ANTs are potent antioxidants that might regulate the free radical-mediated generation of amyloid peptides (Abeta-amyloids) in the brain, which causes Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study presents a literature review of ANTs from different berries and their potential therapeutic value, with particular emphasis on neurodegenerative AD, which owing to oxidative stress. This review also highlights reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through energy metabolism, nitrogen reactive species, the role of transition metals in generating ROS, and the radical-quenching mechanisms of natural antioxidants, including ANTs. The current status of the bioavailability, solubility, and structure activity relationship of ANTs is discussed herein.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Fruit; Humans; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 31766696
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234255