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Uirusu 2020"Arbovirus" is a term for a virus transmitted to mammals by hematophagous arthropods; arboviruses; replicate in both mammals and arthropods. Since the life cycle of... (Review)
Review
"Arbovirus" is a term for a virus transmitted to mammals by hematophagous arthropods; arboviruses; replicate in both mammals and arthropods. Since the life cycle of arboviruses is highly dependent on arthropods, control of the arthropods (vectors) is generally considered important for the control of arbovirus infection. Various pathogens that cause diseases in the medical and veterinary fields are grouped into arboviruses with a history of their discoveries since the early 20th century. Furthermore, because of recent advances in sequencing technology, new arboviruses have been discovered one after another. Here we would like to overview the known arboviruses and their infections.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropods; Life Cycle Stages
PubMed: 33967110
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.3 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2020To present the currently available evidence on transmission, clinical, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prevention methods of major arboviruses that occur in childhood. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To present the currently available evidence on transmission, clinical, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prevention methods of major arboviruses that occur in childhood.
SOURCE OF DATA
Non-systematic review carried out in MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS (VHL), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, CAPES Portal, and Google Scholar databases for the past five years using the search terms arboviruses, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and West Nile fever, as well as child, newborn, and adolescent.
SYNTHESIS OF DATA
The main characteristic of arboviruses is the fact that part of their replication cycle occurs inside insect vectors, thus being classically transmitted to humans through the bite of mosquitoes (hematophagous arthropods), although non-vector transmission of these viruses is also possible in specific situations. These diseases remain a major public health challenge, due to the lack of specific antiviral treatment, the co-circulation of different arboviruses in endemic/epidemic regions, the lack of effective and safe immunizations for the vast majority of these viruses, and the great difficulty in vector control, especially in large urban centers.
CONCLUSIONS
Children are especially vulnerable to this group of diseases due to characteristics that facilitate the development of the most severe forms. More detailed knowledge of this group of diseases allows the pediatrician to diagnose them earlier, implement the correct treatment, monitor warning signs for the most severe forms, and establish effective preventive measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pediatrics
PubMed: 31605670
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.08.005 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Aug 2023Arboviral infections are fast becoming a global public health concern as a result of its high fatality rate and sporadic spread. From the outbreak of Zika virus in the...
Arboviral infections are fast becoming a global public health concern as a result of its high fatality rate and sporadic spread. From the outbreak of Zika virus in the Americas, the endemicity of Yellow fever in West Africa and South America, outbreaks of West Nile virus in South Africa to the year-round and national risk of Dengue fever in Mainland China and India. The war against emerging and re-emerging viral infection could probably lead to the next pandemic. To be above the pending possible arboviral pandemic, consistent surveillance of these pathogens is necessary in every society. This study was aimed at conducting a surveillance for Yellow fever virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus and Rift Valley fever virus in four states in Nigeria using molecular techniques. A cross-sectional study involving 1600 blood samples collected from febrile patients in Lagos, Kwara, Ondo and Delta States between 2018 and 2021 was conducted using Real time polymerase chain reaction for detection of the pathogens. Extraction and purification of viral RNA were done using Qiagen Viral RNA Mini Kit. Samples were analyzed using One Step PrimeScript III RT-PCR mix (Takara Bio) alongside optimized primers and probes designed in-house. Positive samples were sequenced on MinION platform (Nanopore technologies). Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis were performed with DNASTAR Lasergene 17.3. All the RNA extracted from samples collected from the four states were negative for ZIKV RNA, RVFV RNA, CHIKV RNA and DENV RNA. However, twelve of the samples (2%) tested positive for YFV RNA. Three full genomes of sizes 10,751 bp, 10,500 bp and 10,715 bp were generated and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers: ON323052, ON323053 and ON323054 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis shows clustering within lineage 3 of West African genotype. This result shows an active spread of Yellow fever in Delta State, Nigeria. However, there is no emergence of a new genotype There is a need for an intense surveillance of Yellow fever virus in Nigeria to avert a major outbreak.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nigeria; Arboviruses; Yellow Fever; Cross-Sectional Studies; Phylogeny; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 37596550
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08526-z -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Arboviral diseases spread by mosquitoes cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world. The treatment and prevention of these diseases through... (Review)
Review
Arboviral diseases spread by mosquitoes cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world. The treatment and prevention of these diseases through medication and vaccination is often limited, which makes controlling arboviruses at the level of the vector ideal. One way to prevent the spread of an arbovirus would be to stop its vector from developing a disseminated infection, which is required for the virus to make its way to the saliva of the mosquito to be potentially transmitted to a new host. The midgut of the mosquito provides one such opportunity to stop an arbovirus in its tracks. It has been known for many years that in certain arbovirus-vector combinations, or under certain circumstances, an arbovirus can infect and replicate in the midgut but is unable to escape from the tissue to cause disseminated infection. This situation is known as a midgut escape barrier. If we better understand why this barrier occurs, it might aid in the development of more informed control strategies. In this review, we discuss how the midgut escape barrier contributes to virus-vector specificity and possible mechanisms that may allow this barrier to be overcome in successful virus-vector combinations. We also discuss several of the known factors that either increase or decrease the likelihood of midgut escape.
PubMed: 36839492
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020220 -
Viruses Oct 2023Antibody-based passive immunotherapy has been used effectively in the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Outbreaks of emerging viral infections from... (Review)
Review
Antibody-based passive immunotherapy has been used effectively in the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Outbreaks of emerging viral infections from arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) represent a global public health problem due to their rapid spread, urging measures and the treatment of infected individuals to combat them. Preparedness in advances in developing antivirals and relevant epidemiological studies protect us from damage and losses. Immunotherapy based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been shown to be very specific in combating infectious diseases and various other illnesses. Recent advances in mAb discovery techniques have allowed the development and approval of a wide number of therapeutic mAbs. This review focuses on the technological approaches available to select neutralizing mAbs for emerging arbovirus infections and the next-generation strategies to obtain highly effective and potent mAbs. The characteristics of mAbs developed as prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral agents for dengue, Zika, chikungunya, West Nile and tick-borne encephalitis virus are presented, as well as the protective effect demonstrated in animal model studies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Virus Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 38005854
DOI: 10.3390/v15112177 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Over the course of the last 50 years, the emergence of several arboviruses have resulted in countless outbreaks globally. With a high proportion of infections occurring... (Review)
Review
Over the course of the last 50 years, the emergence of several arboviruses have resulted in countless outbreaks globally. With a high proportion of infections occurring in tropical and subtropical regions where arthropods tend to be abundant, Asia in particular is a region that is heavily affected by arboviral diseases caused by dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Major gaps in protection against the most significant emerging arboviruses remains as there are currently no antivirals available, and vaccines are only available for some. A potential source of antiviral compounds could be discovered in natural products-such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbal plants, marine organisms and microorganisms-from which various compounds have been documented to exhibit antiviral activities and are expected to have good tolerability and minimal side effects. Polyphenols and plant extracts have been extensively studied for their antiviral properties against arboviruses and have demonstrated promising results. With an abundance of natural products to screen for new antiviral compounds, it is highly optimistic that natural products will continue to play an important role in contributing to antiviral drug development and in reducing the global infection burden of arboviruses.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Asia; Biological Products; Humans
PubMed: 32560438
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122796 -
MSphere Oct 2023Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), belonging to the family, is a novel segmented RNA virus identified in 2014 in the Jingmen region of Hubei Province, China. Up to now, JMTV... (Review)
Review
Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), belonging to the family, is a novel segmented RNA virus identified in 2014 in the Jingmen region of Hubei Province, China. Up to now, JMTV has been detected in a variety of countries or regions in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving a wide range of arthropods and mammals, and even humans. The JMTV genome is composed of four linear RNA segments, two of which are derived from flaviviruses, while the other two segments are unique to JMTV and has no matching virus. Currently, JMTV has been shown to have a pathogenic effect on humans. Humans who had been infected would develop viremia and variable degrees of clinical symptoms. However, the pathogenic mechanism of JMTV has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance and laboratory studies of JMTV.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Ticks; Flavivirus; Flaviviridae; Europe; Mammals
PubMed: 37702505
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00281-23 -
Software Impacts May 2022The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of mathematical tools to understand and predict outbreaks of severe infectious diseases, including...
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of mathematical tools to understand and predict outbreaks of severe infectious diseases, including arboviruses such as Zika. To this end, we introduce ARBO, a package for simulation and analysis of arbovirus nonlinear dynamics. The implementation follows a minimalist style, and is intuitive and extensible to many settings of vector-borne disease outbreaks. This paper outlines the main tools that compose ARBO, discusses how recent research works about the Brazilian Zika outbreak have explored the package's capabilities, and describes its potential impact for future works on mathematical epidemiology.
PubMed: 35187502
DOI: 10.1016/j.simpa.2022.100252 -
Virus Genes Apr 2020The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses,... (Review)
Review
The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha- and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Arboviruses; Bioterrorism; Filoviridae; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; Poxviridae; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32076918
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01737-5 -
The Journal of General Virology Feb 2022Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Given their transmission cycles, these viruses face the challenge of replicating in evolutionarily divergent organisms that can include ticks, flies, mosquitoes, birds, rodents, reptiles and primates. Furthermore, their cell attachment receptor utilization may be affected by the opposing needs for generating high and sustained serum viremia in vertebrates such that virus particles are efficiently collected during a hematophagous arthropod blood meal but they must also bind sufficiently to cellular structures on divergent organisms such that productive infection can be initiated and viremia generated. Sulfated polysaccharides of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) groups, primarily heparan sulfate (HS), have been identified as cell attachment moieties for many arboviruses. Original identification of GAG binding as a phenotype of arboviruses appeared to involve this attribute arising solely as a consequence of adaptation of virus isolates to growth in cell culture. However, more recently, naturally circulating strains of at least one arbovirus, eastern equine encephalitis, have been shown to bind HS efficiently and the GAG binding phenotype continues to be associated with arbovirus infection in published studies. If GAGs are attachment receptors for many naturally circulating arboviruses, this could lead to development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies through blocking of the virus-GAG interaction. This review summarizes the available data for GAG/HS binding as a phenotype of naturally circulating arbovirus strains emphasizing the importance of avoiding tissue culture amplification and artifactual phenotypes during their isolation.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Heparitin Sulfate; Humans
PubMed: 35191823
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001726