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Nature Reviews. Microbiology Mar 2021Transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) involves infection and replication in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Nearly all arboviruses are RNA... (Review)
Review
Transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) involves infection and replication in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Nearly all arboviruses are RNA viruses with high mutation frequencies, which leaves them vulnerable to genetic drift and fitness losses owing to population bottlenecks during vector infection, dissemination from the midgut to the salivary glands and transmission to the vertebrate host. However, despite these bottlenecks, they seem to avoid fitness declines that can result from Muller's ratchet. In addition, founder effects that occur during the geographic introductions of human-amplified arboviruses, including chikungunya virus and Zika virus, can affect epidemic and endemic circulation, as well as virulence. In this Review, we discuss the role of genetic drift following population bottlenecks and founder effects in arboviral evolution and spread, and the emergence of human disease.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Genetic Drift; Genomics; Humans; Vector Borne Diseases
PubMed: 33432235
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00482-8 -
FEBS Letters Jun 2021Ixodes scapularis ticks feed on humans and other vertebrate hosts and transmit several pathogens of public health concern. Tick saliva is a complex mixture of bioactive... (Review)
Review
Ixodes scapularis ticks feed on humans and other vertebrate hosts and transmit several pathogens of public health concern. Tick saliva is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins, lipids and immunomodulators, such as I. scapularis sphingomyelinase (IsSMase)-like protein, an ortholog of dermonecrotoxin SMase D found in the venom of Loxosceles spp. of spiders. IsSMase modulates the host immune response towards Th2, which suppresses Th1-mediated cytokines to facilitate pathogen transmission. Arboviruses utilize exosomes for their transmission from tick to the vertebrate host, and exosomes derived from tick saliva/salivary glands suppress C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 and interleukin-8 immune response(s) in human skin to delay wound healing and repair processes. IsSMase affects also viral replication and exosome biogenesis, thereby inhibiting tick-to-vertebrate host transmission of pathogenic exosomes. In this review, we elaborate on exosomes and their biogenesis as potential candidates for developing novel control measure(s) to combat tick-borne diseases. Such targets could help with the development of an efficient anti-tick vaccine for preventing the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropod Proteins; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Ixodes; Salivary Glands; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 33960414
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14103 -
Scientific Data May 2023Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and arthropod-specific virus (ASV) are viruses circulating amongst hematophagous arthropods that are broadly transmitted in ecological...
Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and arthropod-specific virus (ASV) are viruses circulating amongst hematophagous arthropods that are broadly transmitted in ecological systems. Arbovirus may replicate in both vertebrates and invertebrates and some are known to be pathogenic to animals or humans. ASV only replicate in invertebrate arthropods yet they are basal to many types of arboviruses. We built a comprehensive dataset of arbovirus and ASV by curating globally available data from the Arbovirus Catalog, the arbovirus list in Section VIII-F of the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 6th edition, Virus Metadata Resource of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, and GenBank. Revealing the diversity, distribution and biosafety recommendation of arbovirus and ASV at a global scale is essential to the understanding of potential interactions, evolution, and risks associated with these viruses. Moreover, the genomic sequences associated with the dataset will enable the investigation of genetic patterns distinguishing the two groups, as well as aid in predicting the vector/host relationships of the newly discovered viruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropods; Containment of Biohazards; Viruses
PubMed: 37208388
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02226-8 -
Journal of Medical Entomology May 2023Quantifying synchrony in species population fluctuations and determining its driving factors can inform multiple aspects of ecological and epidemiological research and...
Quantifying synchrony in species population fluctuations and determining its driving factors can inform multiple aspects of ecological and epidemiological research and policy decisions. We examined seasonal mosquito and arbovirus surveillance data collected in Connecticut, United States from 2001 to 2020 to quantify spatial relationships in 19 mosquito species and 7 arboviruses timeseries accounting for environmental factors such as climate and land cover characteristics. We determined that mosquito collections, on average, were significantly correlated up to 10 km though highly variable among the examined species. Few arboviruses displayed any synchrony and significant maximum correlated distances never exceeded 5 km. After accounting for distance, mixed effects models showed that mosquito or arbovirus identity explained more variance in synchrony estimates than climate or land cover factors. Correlated mosquito collections up to 10-20 km suggest that mosquito control operations for nuisance and disease vectors alike must expand treatment zones to regional scales for operations to have population-level impacts. Species identity matters as well, and some mosquito species will require much larger treatment zones than others. The much shorter correlated detection distances for arboviruses reinforce the notion that focal-level processes drive vector-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and risk of spillover into human populations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Arbovirus Infections; Climate; Mosquito Control; Connecticut; Mosquito Vectors; Culicidae
PubMed: 36964697
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad024 -
Biomolecules Jul 2023Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes,... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, or biting midges to humans or animals. In humans, arbovirus infection often results in mild flu-like symptoms, but severe disease and death also occur. There are few vaccines available, so control efforts focus on the mosquito population and virus transmission control. One area of research that may enable the development of new strategies to control arbovirus transmission is the field of vector immunology. Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, have coevolved with arboviruses, resulting in a balance of virus replication and vector immune responses. If this balance were disrupted, virus transmission would likely be reduced, either through reduced replication, or even through enhanced replication, resulting in mosquito mortality. The first step in mounting any immune response is to recognize the presence of an invading pathogen. Recent research advances have been made to tease apart the mechanisms of arbovirus detection by mosquitoes. Here, we summarize what is known about arbovirus recognition by the mosquito immune system, try to generate a comprehensive picture, and highlight where there are still gaps in our current understanding.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Mosquito Vectors; Arbovirus Infections; Immune System
PubMed: 37509194
DOI: 10.3390/biom13071159 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Arboviruses pose a significant threat to public health globally, demanding innovative approaches for their control. For this, a better understanding of the complex web... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses pose a significant threat to public health globally, demanding innovative approaches for their control. For this, a better understanding of the complex web of interactions established in arbovirus-infected mosquitoes is fundamental. High-throughput analyses allow a genome-wide view of arbovirus-induced alterations at different gene expression levels. This review provides a comprehensive perspective into the current literature in transcriptome and proteome landscapes in mosquitoes infected with arboviruses. It also proposes a coordinated research effort to define the critical nodes that determine arbovirus infection and transmission.
PubMed: 38414768
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330303 -
MBio Oct 2022Mosquitoes are important vectors for many arboviruses. It is becoming increasingly clear that various symbiotic microorganisms (including bacteria and insect-specific...
Mosquitoes are important vectors for many arboviruses. It is becoming increasingly clear that various symbiotic microorganisms (including bacteria and insect-specific viruses; ISVs) in mosquitoes have the potential to modulate the ability of mosquitoes to transmit arboviruses. In this study, we compared the bacteriome and virome (both eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages) of female adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes fed with sucrose/water, blood, or blood spiked with Zika virus (ZIKV) or West Nile virus (WNV), respectively. Furthermore, we investigated associations between the microbiota and vector competence. We show that the influence of arboviruses on the mosquito microbiome-and vice versa-is distinct for each combination of arbovirus/mosquito species. The presence of ZIKV resulted in a temporarily increased ISV diversity. However, this effect was distinct for different ISVs: some ISVs decreased following the blood meal (Aedes aegypti totivirus), whereas other ISVs increased only when the blood contained ZIKV (Guadeloupe mosquito virus). Also, the diversity of the bacteriome depended on the diet and the presence of ZIKV, with a lower diversity observed for mosquitoes receiving blood without ZIKV. In , some ISVs increased in WNV-infected mosquitoes (Guadeloupe Culex tymo-like virus). Particularly, the presence of Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 3 (WSLV3) was associated with the absence of infectious WNV in mosquito heads, suggesting that WSLV3 might affect vector competence for WNV. Distinct profiles of bacteriophages were identified in mosquitoes depending on diet, despite the lack of clear changes in the bacteriome. Overall, our data demonstrate a complex three-way interaction among arboviruses, resident microbiota, and the host, which is distinct for different arbovirus-mosquito combinations. A better understanding of these interactions may lead to the identification of microbiota able to suppress the ability of arbovirus transmission to humans, and hence improved arbovirus control measures. In this study, we first utilized the single mosquito microbiome analysis, demonstrating a complex three-way interaction among arboviruses, resident microbiota, and the host, which is distinct for different arbovirus-mosquito combinations. Some of the previously described "core virus" increased in the mosquitos receiving viral blood meal, like Guadeloupe mosquito virus and Guadeloupe Culex tymo-like virus, suggesting their potential roles in ZIKV and WNV infection. Notably, Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 3 was associated with the absence of infectious WNV in heads of mosquitoes, which might affect vector competence for WNV. A better understanding of these interactions will lead to the identification of microbiota able to suppress the ability of arbovirus transmission to humans, and hence improved arbovirus control measures.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Female; Culex; Aedes; Arboviruses; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection; Mosquito Vectors; West Nile virus; Viruses; Microbiota; Bacteria; Sucrose; Water
PubMed: 36069449
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01021-22 -
Southern Medical Journal Oct 2020
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Humans; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 33005970
DOI: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001152 -
Viruses Sep 2022The rapid and disorderly urbanization in the Amazon has resulted in the insertion of forest fragments into cities, causing the circulation of arboviruses, which can...
Arboviruses in Free-Ranging Birds and Hematophagous Arthropods (Diptera, Nematocera) from Forest Remnants and Urbanized Areas of an Environmental Protection Area in the Amazon Biome.
The rapid and disorderly urbanization in the Amazon has resulted in the insertion of forest fragments into cities, causing the circulation of arboviruses, which can involve hematophagous arthropods and free-ranging birds in the transmission cycles in urban environments. This study aimed to evaluate the circulation of arboviruses in free-ranging birds and hematophagous arthropods captured in an Environmental Protection Area in the Belem metropolitan area, Brazil. Birds were captured using mist nets, and hematophagous arthropods were collected using a human protected attraction technique and light traps. The birds' sera were subjected to a hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies against 29 arbovirus antigens. Arthropod macerates were inoculated into C6/36 and VERO cell cultures to attempt viral isolation and were tested using indirect immunofluorescence, subsequent genetic sequencing and submitted for phylogenetic analysis. Four bird sera were positive for arbovirus, and one batch of was positive for on viral isolation and indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, the was detected in the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The presence of antibodies in sera from free-ranging birds and the isolation of in indicate the circulation of arboviruses in forest remnants in the urban center of Belem.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Arthropods; Conservation of Natural Resources; Nematocera; Phylogeny; Birds; Forests; Ecosystem; Culicidae; Arbovirus Infections
PubMed: 36298656
DOI: 10.3390/v14102101 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Many mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) are endemic in Africa, contributing to systemic and neurological infections in various geographical locations on the continent.... (Review)
Review
Many mosquito-borne viruses (arboviruses) are endemic in Africa, contributing to systemic and neurological infections in various geographical locations on the continent. While most arboviral infections do not lead to neuroinvasive diseases of the central nervous system, neurologic diseases caused by arboviruses include flaccid paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, neuritis, and post-infectious autoimmune or memory disorders. Here we review endemic members of the and families that cause neurologic infections, their neuropathogenesis and host neuroimmunological responses in Africa. We also discuss the potential for neuroimmune responses to aide in the development of new diagnostics and therapeutics, and current knowledge gaps to be addressed by arbovirus research.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Bunyaviridae; Central Nervous System; Encephalitis, Arbovirus; Epidemics; Flaviviridae; Humans; Togaviridae
PubMed: 35003087
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769942