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PeerJ 2020, as a genus of filamentous fungi, has members that display a variety of different behavioural strategies, which are affected by various environmental factors. The...
, as a genus of filamentous fungi, has members that display a variety of different behavioural strategies, which are affected by various environmental factors. The decoded genomic sequences of many species vary greatly in their evolutionary similarities, encouraging studies on the functions and evolution of the genome in complex natural environments. Here, we present the 26 Mb de novo assembled high-quality reference genome of 'China Changchun halophilic ' (CCHA), which was isolated from the surface of plants growing near a salt mine in Jilin, China, based on data from whole-genome shotgun sequencing using Illumina Solexa technology. The sequence, coupled with data from comprehensive transcriptomic survey analyses, indicated that the redox state and transmembrane transport might be critical molecular mechanisms for the adaptation of 'CCHA' to the high-salt environment of the saltern. The isolation of salt tolerance-related genes, such as , and their overexpression in demonstrated that 'CCHA' is an excellent organism for the isolation and identification of salt tolerant-related genes. These data expand our understanding of the evolution and functions of fungal and microbial genomes, and offer multiple target genes for crop salt-tolerance improvement through genetic engineering.
PubMed: 32140304
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8609 -
Bioresources and Bioprocessing Apr 2022Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. Compared... (Review)
Review
Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild microbial species. In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also the presence of some pro-oxidant ions can cause effective degradation. The oxidation or hydrolysis by the enzyme creates functional groups that improve the hydrophilicity of polymers, and consequently degrade the high molecular weight polymer into low molecular weight. This leads to the degradation of plastics within a few days. Some well-known species which show effective degradation on plastics are Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus nomius, Penicillium griseofulvum, Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Cladosporium cladosporioides, etc., and some other saprotrophic fungi, such as Pleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii which also helps in degradation of plastics by growing on them. Some studies say that the degradation of plastics was more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative mechanisms involved with the biodegradation simultaneously can make the degradation faster and easier. This present review gives current knowledge regarding different species of fungi that are involved in the degradation of plastics by their different enzymatic mechanisms to degrade different forms of plastic polymers.
PubMed: 38647755
DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4 -
Bioresources and Bioprocessing Oct 2023Tannases are valuable industrial enzymes used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, leather manufacture and in environmental biotechnology. In this study, 15 fungal...
Tannases are valuable industrial enzymes used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, leather manufacture and in environmental biotechnology. In this study, 15 fungal isolates were obtained from Egyptian cultivated soil and marine samples. The isolated fungi were qualitatively and quantitatively screened for their abilities to produce tannase. The selected fungal isolate NRC8 giving highest tannase activity was identified by molecular technique (18S rRNA) as Aspergillus glaucus. Among different tannin-containing wastes tested, the black tea waste was the best substrate for tannase production by Aspergillus glaucus in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Optimization of the different process parameters required for maximum enzyme production was carried out to design a suitable SSF process. Maximal tannase production was achieved with moisture content of 75%, an inoculums size of 6 × 10 spore/ml and sodium nitrate 0.2% (pH of 5.0) at 30 °C after 5 days of incubation. Box-Behnken experiment was designed to get a quadratic model for further optimization studies. Four-factor response-surface method with 27 runs was prepared using independent parameters including (moisture content %, initial pH, substrate concentration (g) and sodium nitrate concentration (g) for tannase model. The F- and P-values of the model were 4.30 and 0.002, respectively, which implied that the model is significant. In addition, the lack-of-fit was 1040.37 which indicates the same significance relative to the pure error. A. glaucus tannase was evaluated by the efficiency of conversion of tannic acid to gallic acid. Moreover, production of gallic acid from SSF process of A. glaucus using black tea waste was found to be 38.27 mg/ml. The best bioconversion efficiency was achieved at 40 °C with tannic acid concentration up to 200 g/L.
PubMed: 38647901
DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00686-9 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Microbial consortia with high cellulase activities can speed up the composting of agricultural wastes with high cellulose contents and promote the beneficial utilization...
Microbial consortia with high cellulase activities can speed up the composting of agricultural wastes with high cellulose contents and promote the beneficial utilization of agricultural wastes. In this paper, rabbit feces and sesame oil cake were used as feedstocks for compost production. Cellulose-degrading microbial strains were isolated from compost samples taken at the different composting stages and screened Congo red staining and filter paper degradation test. Seven strains, , , , , , , and , with high activities of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), filter paper cellulase (FPase), and β-glucosidase (β-Gase) were identified and selected for consortium design. Six microbial consortia were designed with these strains. Compared with the other five consortia, consortium VI composed of all seven strains displayed the highest cellulase activities, 141.89, 104.56, and 131.18 U/ml of CMCase, FPase, and β-Gase, respectively. The single factor approach and response surface method were employed to optimize CMCase production of consortium VI. The optimized conditions were: culture time 4.25 days, culture temperature 35.5°C, pH 6.6, and inoculum volume 5% (v/v). Under these optimized conditions, the CMCase activity of consortium VI was up to 170.83 U/ml. Fermentation experiment of rabbit feces was carried out by using the consortium VI cultured under the optimal conditions. It was found that the application effect was better than other treatments, and the fermentation efficiency and nutrient content of the pile were significantly improved. This study provides a basis for the design of microbial consortia for the composting of agricultural wastes with high cellulose contents and provides a support for beneficial utilization of agricultural wastes.
PubMed: 35910619
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957444 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2023Industrial fungi need a strong environmental stress tolerance to ensure acceptable efficiency and yields. Previous studies shed light on the important role that...
Industrial fungi need a strong environmental stress tolerance to ensure acceptable efficiency and yields. Previous studies shed light on the important role that Aspergillus nidulans gfdB, putatively encoding a NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, plays in the oxidative and cell wall integrity stress tolerance of this filamentous fungus model organism. The insertion of A. nidulans gfdB into the genome of Aspergillus glaucus strengthened the environmental stress tolerance of this xerophilic/osmophilic fungus, which may facilitate the involvement of this fungus in various industrial and environmental biotechnological processes. On the other hand, the transfer of A. nidulans gfdB to Aspergillus wentii, another promising industrial xerophilic/osmophilic fungus, resulted only in minor and sporadic improvement in environmental stress tolerance and meanwhile partially reversed osmophily. Because A. glaucus and A. wentii are phylogenetically closely related species and both fungi lack a gfdB ortholog, these results warn us that any disturbance of the stress response system of the aspergilli may elicit rather complex and even unforeseeable, species-specific physiological changes. This should be taken into consideration in any future targeted industrial strain development projects aiming at the fortification of the general stress tolerance of these fungi. KEY POINTS: • A. wentii c' gfdB strains showed minor and sporadic stress tolerance phenotypes. • The osmophily of A. wentii significantly decreased in the c' gfdB strains. • Insertion of gfdB caused species-specific phenotypes in A. wentii and A. glaucus.
Topics: Aspergillus nidulans; Fungal Proteins; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Stress, Physiological; Phenotype
PubMed: 36811707
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12384-9 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024A fungal isolate PDB-B (accession number: MT774567.1), which could tolerate up to 500 mg/L of cypermethrin, was isolated from the lake sediments of Kulamangalam...
A fungal isolate PDB-B (accession number: MT774567.1), which could tolerate up to 500 mg/L of cypermethrin, was isolated from the lake sediments of Kulamangalam tropical lake, Madurai, and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The biotransformation potential of the strain was compared with five other strains (A, J, UN2, M1 and SM108) as a consortium, which were tentatively identified as , , , , and , respectively. Batch culture and soil microcosm studies were conducted to explore biotransformation using plate-based enzymatic screening and GC-MS. A mycotransformation pathway was predicted based on a comparative analysis of the transformation products (TPs) obtained. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the presence of (3-methylphenyl) methanol and isopropyl ether could be relevant to the high rate of lethality.
Topics: Lakes; Phylogeny; India; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 38611726
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071446 -
Allergologie Select 2024None.
None.
PubMed: 38756207
DOI: 10.5414/ALX02444E -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023In order to analyze the changes in the microbial community structure during the pile fermentation of Qingzhuan tea and their correlation with the formation of quality...
In order to analyze the changes in the microbial community structure during the pile fermentation of Qingzhuan tea and their correlation with the formation of quality compounds in Qingzhuan tea, this study carried out metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of tea samples during the fermentation process of Qingzhuan tea. The changes in the expression and abundance of microorganisms during the pile fermentation were investigated through metagenomic assays. During the processing of Qingzhuan tea, there is a transition from a bacterial dominated ecosystem to an ecosystem enriched with fungi. The correlation analyses of metagenomics and metabolomics showed that amino acids and polyphenol metabolites with relatively simple structures exhibited a significant negative correlation with target microorganisms, while the structurally complicated B-ring dihydroxy puerin, B-ring trihydroxy galloyl puerlin, and other compounds showed a significant positive correlation with target microorganisms. , , in the family, and and in were the key microorganisms involved in the formation of the characteristic qualities of Qingzhuan tea.
PubMed: 37835190
DOI: 10.3390/foods12193537 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Scientific examination of the heart of Blessed Pauline Jaricot-a French missionary figure-was carried out in 2022. As tandem mass spectrometry proteotyping has proven to...
Scientific examination of the heart of Blessed Pauline Jaricot-a French missionary figure-was carried out in 2022. As tandem mass spectrometry proteotyping has proven to be valuable to obtain the broad taxonomic repertoire of a given sample without any a priori information, we aimed at exploring the conditions of preservation of the relics and possible conditions of death. Metaproteomics and high-resolution microtomography imaging approaches were combined. A dataset comprising 6731 high-resolution MS/MS spectra was acquired and 968 of these spectra could be assigned to specific peptidic biomolecules. Based on the taxonomical information encompassed by the identified peptide sequences, 5 phyla were identified amongst eukaryota (94% of the biomass): Ascomycota (55%), with the species , and , corresponding to expected cadaverous fungal flora; Chordata (42%), represented by a unique species, ; Streptophyta (3%); and Arthropoda (traces). Bacteria (6% of the biomass) were poorly represented. No trace of embalming substance could be retrieved, nor any pathogens. Imaging evidenced no heart defect nor embalming traces. No evidence that was inconsistent with natural and spontaneous conservation could be retrieved. This study prefigures the power of modern molecular techniques such as paleoproteotyping coupled to microtomography to gain insight into historical relics.
Topics: Humans; Embalming; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Heart; Heart Defects, Congenital; Bacteria
PubMed: 36769339
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033011 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2022To understand fungal contamination in the indoor environments of the disaster region, surveys were conducted to detect mycoflora in temporary shelters, prefabricated...
To understand fungal contamination in the indoor environments of the disaster region, surveys were conducted to detect mycoflora in temporary shelters, prefabricated temporary housing, private housing, and rented apartments in areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The results from the surveys of temporary shelters indicated that the indoor-air fungal counts at all sampling points were less than 1000 colony forming units (cfu)/m, which is the recommended limit for fungal contamination in indoor air. However, the Aspergillus counts were high compared to the indoor environments of typical housing. Since Aspergillus is a known allergenic genus, careful attention should be paid to residents' health. The results of the surveys of private housing and rented apartments also indicated that fungal counts were highest during the rainy season throughout the summer. In contrast, temporary housing had a maximum fungal count in the winter. The extremely high level of fungal condensation in indoor air may have been due to the high relative humidity and loss of heat insulation in the buildings' attics. It is thought that these problems happen most commonly in colder regions, such as the entire area affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The case of a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by a large amount of Eurotium herbariorum mold in his temporary housing was reported to demonstrate the health risks posed by fungi in this disaster region.
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Aspergillus; Cold Temperature; Colony Count, Microbial; Earthquakes; Floods; Fungi; Housing; Humidity; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis; Japan; Risk; Seasons
PubMed: 34980747
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00161-2