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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Previous studies have suggested a potential association between AITD and MG, but the evidence is limited and controversial, and the exact causal relationship remains...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have suggested a potential association between AITD and MG, but the evidence is limited and controversial, and the exact causal relationship remains uncertain.
OBJECTIVE
Therefore, we employed a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between AITD and MG.
METHODS
To explore the interplay between AITD and MG, We conducted MR studies utilizing GWAS-based summary statistics in the European ancestry. Several techniques were used to ensure the stability of the causal effect, such as random-effect inverse variance weighted, weighted median, MR-Egger regression, and MR-PRESSO. Heterogeneity was evaluated by calculating Cochran's Q value. Moreover, the presence of horizontal pleiotropy was investigated through MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO.
RESULTS
The IVW method indicates a causal relationship between both GD(OR 1.31,95%CI 1.08 to 1.60,P=0.005) and autoimmune hypothyroidism (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.47, P =0.002) with MG. However, there is no association found between FT4(OR 0.88,95%CI 0.65 to 1.18,P=0.406), TPOAb(OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 0.86 to 2.07, P =0.186), TSH(OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.23, P =0.846), and MG. The reverse MR analysis reveals a causal relationship between MG and GD(OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.98, P =3.57e-3), with stable results. On the other hand, there is a significant association with autoimmune hypothyroidism(OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.59, P =0.019), but it is considered unstable due to the influence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR PRESSO Distortion Test P < 0.001). MG has a higher prevalence of TPOAb(OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.39 to 2.42, P =1.47e-5) positivity and may be linked to elevated TSH levels(Beta:0.08,95% CI:0.01 to 0.14,P =0.011), while there is no correlation between MG and FT4(Beta:-9.03e-3,95% CI:-0.07 to 0.05,P =0.796).
CONCLUSION
AITD patients are more susceptible to developing MG, and MG patients also have a higher incidence of GD.
Topics: Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Hashimoto Disease; Myasthenia Gravis; Hypothyroidism; Thyrotropin; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 38405140
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1310083 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that is highly involved in bone health. Mounting evidence revealed that, in addition to the regulation of mineral metabolism, vitamin... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that is highly involved in bone health. Mounting evidence revealed that, in addition to the regulation of mineral metabolism, vitamin D is implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation, vascular and muscular functions, and metabolic health. Since the discovery of vitamin D receptors in T cells, local production of active vitamin D was demonstrated in most immune cells, addressing the interest in the clinical implications of vitamin D status in immune surveillance against infections and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. T cells, together with B cells, are seen as the main immune cells involved in autoimmune diseases; however, growing interest is currently focused on immune cells of the innate compartment, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in the initiation phases of autoimmunity. Here we reviewed recent advances in the onset and regulation of Graves' and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, vitiligo, and multiple sclerosis in relation to the role of innate immune cells and their crosstalk with vitamin D and acquired immune cells.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Graves Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Vitamins; Hashimoto Disease
PubMed: 36902117
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054689 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) is a T-cell-mediated, organ- specific autoimmune disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Patients with... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) is a T-cell-mediated, organ- specific autoimmune disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Patients with AITD show thyroid lymphocyte infiltration and an increase in the titer of thyroid autoimmune antibodies, thereby altering the integrity of thyroid follicle epithelial cells and dysregulating their metabolism and immune function, leading to a decrease in multi-tissue metabolic activity. Research has shown that patients with AITD have a significantly higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as infertility and miscarriage. Levothyroxine(LT) treatment can improve the pregnancy outcomes of normal pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb) positivity, but it is not effective for invitro fertilization embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women with normal thyroid function and positive TPOAb. Other factors may also influence pregnancy outcomes of patients with AITD. Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota participates in the occurrence and development of AITD by influencing the gut-thyroid axis. The bacterial abundance and diversity of patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) were significantly reduced, and the relative abundances of , , , and also decreased. The confirmation of whether adjusting the composition of the gut microbiota can improve pregnancy outcomes in patients with AITD is still pending. This article reviews the characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with AITD and the current research on its impact in pregnancy.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Hashimoto Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Iodide Peroxidase; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Autoimmune Diseases
PubMed: 38505287
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1361660 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Oct 2020
Topics: Encephalitis; Hashimoto Disease; Humans
PubMed: 33174920
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.10.1327 -
Endocrine May 2020
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Thyroid Diseases
PubMed: 32052368
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02188-6 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
PubMed: 38579262
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.23cr03628 -
Nutrients Jul 2023The available evidence on selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was inconclusive. This research serves to assess the effects of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The available evidence on selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was inconclusive. This research serves to assess the effects of selenium supplementation in the treatment of AIT.
METHODS
Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 10 June 2022. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. The information on the randomized controlled trials of the included studies was extracted and synthesized. The GRADE system was used to assess the certainty of evidence.
RESULTS
A total of 6 systematic reviews with 75 RCTs were included. Only one study was rated as high quality. The meta-analysis showed that in the levothyroxine (LT4)-treated population, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 months (SMD = -0.53, 95% CI: [-0.89, -0.17], < 0.05, very low certainty) and 6 months (SMD = -1.95, 95% CI: [-3.17, -0.74], < 0.05, very low certainty) and that thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) levels were not decreased. In the non-LT4-treated population, TPO-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. Tg-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. The adverse effects reported in the selenium group were not significantly different from those in the control group, and the certainty of evidence was low.
CONCLUSION
Although selenium supplementation might reduce TPO-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months and Tg-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months in the non-LT4-treated population, this was based on a low certainty of evidence.
Topics: Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Selenium; Iodide Peroxidase; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Hashimoto Disease; Thyroxine; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37513612
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143194 -
Nutrients Feb 2024The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and...
The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and it has been shown that a gluten-free diet can negatively affect its composition. A gluten-free diet is popular among patients, and therefore the aim of this study was to check whether it affects thyroid function and gut microbiome composition in AIT. Thirty-one women with AIT complied with a gluten-free diet for 8 weeks. After the first 4 weeks, participants were divided into two groups: the first group received gluten in capsules and the other one-rice starch (placebo). Blood and stool samples were examined before diet (T), after 4 weeks (T) and after 8 weeks of diet (T). The only significant difference in blood parameters was observed between T and T in the placebo group for the thyroid peroxidase antibody level. After the first 4 weeks, a significant increase in , , and and a significant decrease in , and were observed. The detected microbiome alterations may indicate increasing inflammation; however, further research is required, and for now, a gluten-free diet should be used cautiously in AIT.
Topics: Humans; Female; Diet, Gluten-Free; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Hashimoto Disease; Glutens
PubMed: 38474814
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050685 -
European Review For Medical and... Dec 2023Previous studies have often observed a possible association between thyroid and fatty liver diseases. The pathogenesis of both diseases is complex, with many confounding...
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have often observed a possible association between thyroid and fatty liver diseases. The pathogenesis of both diseases is complex, with many confounding factors and controversies. We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test the causality between thyroid disease and the risk of developing fatty liver disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All data were obtained from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Catalog database. Thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fatty liver diseases include alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used for MR analysis, and sensitivity analysis was further performed to test its robustness.
RESULTS
We discovered no causal relationship between thyroid disease and alcoholic fatty liver disease after excluding weak instrumental variables (IVs). Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism had a significant causal relationship with NAFLD. Hypothyroidism increased the risk of NAFLD using the IVW method (OR=7.62, 95% CI: 2.61-22.25, p<0.001). MR-Egger regression did not suggest potential evidence of directional pleiotropy (intercept, p=0.698). Hyperthyroidism also significantly increased the risk of NAFLD (OR=11.83, 95% CI: 2.9-22.54, p=0.026). MR-Egger regression did not suggest any potential directional pleiotropy (intercept, p=0.295).
CONCLUSIONS
Hypothyroidism can significantly increase NAFLD incidence, and hyperthyroidism may be a risk factor for NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Thyroid Diseases; Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism; Hashimoto Disease; Nonoxynol
PubMed: 38095388
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34579 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2023Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a dysregulation of the immune system that causes an attack on the thyroid gland. Two major clinical manifestations are Hashimoto's... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a dysregulation of the immune system that causes an attack on the thyroid gland. Two major clinical manifestations are Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Saliva performs many functions and, importantly, has the potential for easy, non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. This systematic review was designed to answer the question whether salivary alterations are reliable for the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, fifteen studies were included. Due to their heterogeneity, saliva analysis was divided into two subgroups: quantitative assessment analysing salivation and qualitative assessment concerning potential salivary biomarkers for AITD. In addition to detecting altered levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies, salivary changes were also observed in the concentrations of total protein, cytokines and chemokines, as well as markers of oxidative status. According to the saliva flow rate values, significantly reduced saliva secretion was observed in patients with HT. In conclusion, it is not possible to unequivocally state if salivary biomarkers can potentially be used in autoimmune thyroid disease diagnosis. Therefore, further investigations, including salivation disorders, are necessary to validate these findings.
Topics: Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Hashimoto Disease; Graves Disease; Thyroid Hormones; Autoimmune Diseases; Thyroid Diseases
PubMed: 36981758
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064849