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Clinical and Experimental Nephrology May 2020D-Amino acids are the recently detected enantiomers of L-amino acids. Accumulating evidence points their potential in solving the long-standing critical problems... (Review)
Review
D-Amino acids are the recently detected enantiomers of L-amino acids. Accumulating evidence points their potential in solving the long-standing critical problems associated with the management of both chronic and acute kidney diseases. This includes estimating kidney function, early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic kidney disease, and disease monitoring. Among the D-amino acids, D-serine levels in the blood are strongly correlated with the glomerular filtration rate and are useful for estimating the function of the kidney. Urinary D-serine also reflects other conditions. The kidney proximal tubule reabsorbs serine with chiral-selectivity, with D-serine being reabsorbed much less efficiently than L-serine, and urinary excretion of D-serine is sensitive to the presence of kidney diseases. Therefore, assessing the intra-body dynamics of D-serine by measuring its level in blood and urinary excretion can be used to detect kidney diseases and assess pathophysiology. This new concept, the intra-body dynamics of D-serine, can be useful in the comprehensive management of kidney disease.
Topics: Biomarkers; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Serine
PubMed: 32112266
DOI: 10.1007/s10157-020-01862-3 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Oct 2020Cancer is a critical global health-care problem with limited therapeutic options. Since cancers are life-threatening illnesses, the identification of a promising... (Review)
Review
Cancer is a critical global health-care problem with limited therapeutic options. Since cancers are life-threatening illnesses, the identification of a promising oncotarget and its clinical correlates are relevant. Mounting evidence has emerged indicating that REG gamma (REGγ), a member of the 11S proteasome activators, plays a pivotal role in the development of multiple human cancers. However, an elaborate summary on the association between REGγ and cancer is still lacking. In this Review, we discuss how REGγ, through its ATP- and ubiquitin-independent manners, represents a promising cancer biomarker and therapeutic oncotarget for multiple human cancers. Aberrant REGγ expression closely associated with tumorigenesis attributes to its biological functions for controlling and regulating cell cycle, proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the cancer cells by degrading proteins of cytosol and nucleus in the eukaryotic cells. REGγ serves as a molecular switch to activate multifarious oncogenic signaling pathways, such as MAPK/p38, TGF-β/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin. The review describes that targeting REGγ may provide new diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32935661
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110614 -
Journal of Hepatology Apr 2023Biomarkers have the potential to accelerate drug development, as early indicators of improved clinical response, to improve patient safety, and for personalised... (Review)
Review
Biomarkers have the potential to accelerate drug development, as early indicators of improved clinical response, to improve patient safety, and for personalised medicine. However, few have been approved through the biomarker qualification pathways of the regulatory agencies. This paper outlines how biomarkers can accelerate drug development, and reviews the lessons learned by the EU IMI2-funded LITMUS consortium, which has had several interactions with regulatory agencies in both the US and EU regarding biomarker qualification in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Sharing knowledge of such interactions with the scientific community is of paramount importance to increase the chances of qualification of relevant biomarkers that may accelerate drug development, and thereby help patients, across disease indications. A qualified biomarker enables a decision to be made that all understand and support in a common framework.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Biomarkers; Drug Development
PubMed: 36526000
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.11.028 -
Pediatric Research Nov 2022
Topics: Biomarkers
PubMed: 35982142
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02247-w -
Nephron 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising novel cellular communicators and biomarkers in acute kidney injury (AKI). These submicron vesicles derive from all cell types... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising novel cellular communicators and biomarkers in acute kidney injury (AKI). These submicron vesicles derive from all cell types along the urinary tract and reflect molecular processes of their parent cells and physiological and pathological conditions in AKI. Several EV protein and RNA biomarker candidates have been identified. They have shown to differentiate AKI etiology and pinpoint to disease mechanisms. In fact, EV research has opened up a new frontier of biomarker discovery since some less abundant biomarkers are concentrated in EVs, which makes them more easily detectable. EVs are also functional and are involved in intra-nephron communication. Tubular-interstitial communication is current focus in EV research in AKI as it can help to understand maladaptive processes in AKI. EVs are also promising therapeutic tools and have been shown to be regenerative in many different models of AKI. Rigorous studies are needed to validate these findings, and more sensitive EV detection and characterization tools need to be developed to dissect EV biology in renal disease and AKI.
Topics: Humans; Acute Kidney Injury; Extracellular Vesicles; RNA; Proteins; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36183697
DOI: 10.1159/000526842 -
European Neuropsychopharmacology : the... Jul 2021This commentary reflects on reasonable biomarker expectations in ASD by addressing three key questions: What is a biomarker? What is required for a biomarker in ASD? How...
This commentary reflects on reasonable biomarker expectations in ASD by addressing three key questions: What is a biomarker? What is required for a biomarker in ASD? How can biomarkers be useful in ASD? In addressing these queries, a path forward emerges based on clear definition of the objective for any given ASD biomarker and evaluation of each biomarker relative to current best practices.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Biomarkers; Humans
PubMed: 33934921
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.023 -
ChemistryOpen Mar 2020Many proteins in living organisms are glycosylated. As their glycan patterns exhibit protein-, cell-, and tissue-specific heterogeneity, changes in the glycosylation... (Review)
Review
Many proteins in living organisms are glycosylated. As their glycan patterns exhibit protein-, cell-, and tissue-specific heterogeneity, changes in the glycosylation levels could serve as useful indicators of various pathological and physiological states. Thus, the identification of glycoprotein biomarkers from specific changes in the glycan profiles of glycoproteins is a trending field. Lectin microarrays provide a new glycan analysis platform, which enables rapid and sensitive analysis of complex glycans without requiring the release of glycans from the protein. Recent developments in lectin microarray technology enable high-throughput analysis of glycans in complex biological samples. In this review, we will discuss the basic concepts and recent progress in lectin microarray technology, the application of lectin microarrays in biomarker discovery, and the challenges and future development of this technology. Given the tremendous technical advancements that have been made, lectin microarrays will become an indispensable tool for the discovery of glycoprotein biomarkers.
Topics: Biomarkers; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Lectins; Microarray Analysis; Polysaccharides; Protein Array Analysis; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 32154049
DOI: 10.1002/open.201900326 -
The Journal of Histochemistry and... Sep 2019Progression of renal parenchyma injury is characterized by increasing interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, irrespective of the cause. Histopathologic assessment of... (Review)
Review
Progression of renal parenchyma injury is characterized by increasing interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, irrespective of the cause. Histopathologic assessment of renal tissue obtained by biopsy remains the gold standard for determining the presence and extent of tubulointerstitial scarring. Discovery of robust non-invasive means for capturing a snapshot and for longitudinal monitoring of parenchymal deterioration has been the focus of intense multimodal effort by investigators within the renal community and beyond. Research in this field has included the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental models and has fostered the development and evaluation of tissue and biofluid assays for novel analytes with potential translation to the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney disease. Here, we examine recent advances in the search of "biomarkers" for detection of renal tubulointerstitial scarring and prediction of renal outcome in human renal disease.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Disease Progression; Exosomes; Extracellular Matrix; Fibrosis; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 31242044
DOI: 10.1369/0022155419861092 -
Rheumatology (Oxford, England) Jan 2020Adding biomarker information to real world datasets (e.g. biomarker data collected into disease/drug registries) can enhance mechanistic understanding of intra-patient... (Review)
Review
Adding biomarker information to real world datasets (e.g. biomarker data collected into disease/drug registries) can enhance mechanistic understanding of intra-patient differences in disease trajectories and differences in important clinical outcomes. Biomarkers can detect pathologies present early in disease potentially paving the way for preventative intervention strategies, which may help patients to avoid disability, poor treatment outcome, disease sequelae and premature mortality. However, adding biomarker data to real world datasets comes with a number of important challenges including sample collection and storage, study design and data analysis and interpretation. In this narrative review we will consider the benefits and challenges of adding biomarker data to real world datasets and discuss how biomarker data have added to our understanding of complex diseases, focusing on rheumatoid arthritis.
Topics: Biomarkers; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic; Registries; Research Design; Rheumatology
PubMed: 31329972
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez113 -
Genes May 2021Asthma is the most common respiratory disease. It has multiple phenotypes thatcan be partially differentiated by measuring the disease's specific... (Review)
Review
Asthma is the most common respiratory disease. It has multiple phenotypes thatcan be partially differentiated by measuring the disease's specific characteristics-biomarkers. The pathogenetic mechanisms are complex, and it is still a challenge to choose suitable biomarkers to adequately stratify patients, which became especially important with the introduction of biologicals in asthma treatment. Usage of biomarkers and an understanding of the underlying pathobiological mechanisms lead to the definition of endotypes. Asthma can be broadly divided into two endotypes, T2-high and T2-low. The right combination of various biomarkers in different phenotypes is under investigation, hoping to help researchers and clinicians in better disease evaluation since theindividual approach and personalized medicine are imperative. Multiple biomarkers are superior to a single biomarker.
Topics: Asthma; Biomarkers; Humans; Phenotype; Sputum
PubMed: 34070316
DOI: 10.3390/genes12060801