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BioMed Research International 2020
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 32766310
DOI: 10.1155/2020/6297356 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020The morbidity and mortality of breast cancer is mostly due to a distant metastasis, especially to the bone. Many factors may be responsible for bone metastasis in breast... (Review)
Review
The morbidity and mortality of breast cancer is mostly due to a distant metastasis, especially to the bone. Many factors may be responsible for bone metastasis in breast cancer, but interactions between tumor cells and other surrounding types of cells, and cytokines secreted by both, are expected to play the most important role. Bone marrow adipocyte (BMA) is one of the cell types comprising the bone, and adipokine is one of the cytokines secreted by both breast cancer cells and BMAs. These BMAs and adipokines are known to be responsible for cancer progression, and this review is focused on how BMAs and adipokines work in the process of breast cancer bone metastasis. Their potential as suppressive targets for bone metastasis is also explored in this review.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipokines; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans
PubMed: 32674405
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144967 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength, microarchitectural changes in bone tissues, and increased risk of fracture. Its... (Review)
Review
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength, microarchitectural changes in bone tissues, and increased risk of fracture. Its occurrence is closely related to various factors such as aging, genetic factors, living habits, and nutritional deficiencies as well as the disturbance of bone homeostasis. The dysregulation of bone metabolism is regarded as one of the key influencing factors causing OP. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are important compounds in the maintenance of bone metabolic homeostasis by participating in several important biological processes such as the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone formation in osteoblasts, and bone resorption in osteoclasts. The effects of specific COPs on mesenchymal stem cells are mainly manifested by promoting osteoblast genesis and inhibiting adipocyte genesis. This review aims to elucidate the biological roles of COPs in OP development, starting from the molecular mechanisms of OP, pointing out opportunities and challenges in current research, and providing new ideas and perspectives for further studies of OP pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Bone Resorption; Bone and Bones; Cholesterol; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 35216140
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042020 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Shortcomings related to the treatment of bone diseases and consequent tissue regeneration such as transplants have been addressed to some extent by tissue engineering... (Review)
Review
Shortcomings related to the treatment of bone diseases and consequent tissue regeneration such as transplants have been addressed to some extent by tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering has promoted structures that can simulate the extracellular matrix and are capable of guiding natural bone repair using signaling molecules to promote osteoinduction and angiogenesis essential in the formation of new bone tissues. Although recent studies on developing novel growth factor delivery systems for bone repair have attracted great attention, taking into account the complexity of the extracellular matrix, scaffolding and growth factors should not be explored independently. Consequently, systems that combine both concepts have great potential to promote the effectiveness of bone regeneration methods. In this review, recent developments in bone regeneration that simultaneously consider scaffolding and growth factors are covered in detail. The main emphasis in this overview is on delivery strategies that employ polymer-based scaffolds for spatiotemporal-controlled delivery of both single and multiple growth factors in bone-regeneration approaches. From clinical applications to creating alternative structural materials, bone tissue engineering has been advancing constantly, and it is relevant to regularly update related topics.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Extracellular Matrix; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 33477502
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020903 -
Experimental Physiology Feb 2021What is the topic of this review? Mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions What advances does it highlight? The study of differential bone length... (Review)
Review
NEW FINDINGS
What is the topic of this review? Mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions What advances does it highlight? The study of differential bone length between leg and finger bones, metatarsals of the Egyptian jerboa and genomic analysis of giraffes.
ABSTRACT
Among mammalian species, skeletal structures vary greatly in size and shape, leading to a dramatic variety of body sizes and proportions. How different bones grow to different lengths, whether among different species, different individuals of the same species, or even in different anatomical parts of our the body, has always been a fascinating subject of research in biology and physiology. In the current review, we focus on some of the recent advances in the field and discuss how these provided important new insights into the mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Chondrocytes; Growth Plate; Mammals
PubMed: 33369789
DOI: 10.1113/EP089086 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Feb 2022Cellular senescence is a fundamental aging mechanism that is currently the focus of considerable interest as a pathway that could be targeted to ameliorate aging across... (Review)
Review
Cellular senescence is a fundamental aging mechanism that is currently the focus of considerable interest as a pathway that could be targeted to ameliorate aging across multiple tissues, including the skeleton. There is now substantial evidence that senescent cells accumulate in the bone microenvironment with aging and that targeting these cells prevents age-related bone loss, at least in mice. Cellular senescence also plays important roles in mediating the skeletal fragility associated with diabetes mellitus, radiation, and chemotherapy. As such, there are ongoing efforts to develop "senolytic" drugs that kill senescent cells by targeting key survival mechanisms in these cells without affecting normal cells. Because senescent cells accumulate across tissues with aging, senolytics offer the attractive possibility of treating multiple age-related comorbidities simultaneously.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Bone and Bones; Cellular Senescence; Humans; Mice; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 35104801
DOI: 10.1172/JCI154888 -
Biological Chemistry Oct 2021Knowledge of the physiological and pathological processes, taking place in bone during fracture healing or defect regeneration, is essential in order to develop... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of the physiological and pathological processes, taking place in bone during fracture healing or defect regeneration, is essential in order to develop strategies to enhance bone healing under normal and critical conditions. Preclinical testing allows a wide range of imaging modalities that may be applied both simultaneously and longitudinally, which will in turn lower the number of animals needed to allow a comprehensive assessment of the healing process. This work provides an up-to-date review on morphological, functional, optical, biochemical, and biophysical imaging techniques including their advantages, disadvantages and potential for combining them in a multimodal and multiscale manner. The focus lies on preclinical testing of biomaterials modified with artificial extracellular matrices in various animal models to enhance bone remodeling and regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Fracture Healing; Humans
PubMed: 34313084
DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0170 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Aug 2020Bone growth and the maintenance of bone structure are controlled by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including cytokines expressed locally within the bone... (Review)
Review
Bone growth and the maintenance of bone structure are controlled by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including cytokines expressed locally within the bone microenvironment and those that are elevated, both locally and systemically, under inflammatory conditions. This review focuses on those bone-active cytokines that initiate JAK-STAT signaling, and outlines the discoveries made from studying skeletal defects caused by induced or spontaneous modifications in this pathway. Specifically, this review describes defects in JAK1, STAT3, and SOCS3 signaling in mouse models and in humans, including mutations designed to modify these pathways downstream of the gp130 coreceptor. It is shown that osteoclast formation is generally stimulated indirectly by these pathways through JAK1 and STAT3 actions in inflammatory and other accessory cells, including osteoblasts. In addition, in bone remodeling, osteoblast differentiation is increased secondary to stimulated osteoclast formation through an IL-6-dependent pathway. In growth plate chondrocytes, STAT3 signaling promotes the normal differentiation process that leads to bone lengthening. Within the osteoblast lineage, STAT3 signaling promotes bone formation in normal physiology and in response to mechanical loading through direct signaling in osteocytes. This activity, particularly that of the IL-6/gp130 family of cytokines, must be suppressed by SOCS3 for the normal formation of cortical bone.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Humans; Janus Kinase 1; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Signal Transduction; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
PubMed: 32788655
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0445-6 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020The skeleton is well-innervated, but only recently have the functions of this complex network in bone started to become known. Although our knowledge of skeletal sensory... (Review)
Review
The skeleton is well-innervated, but only recently have the functions of this complex network in bone started to become known. Although our knowledge of skeletal sensory and sympathetic innervation is incomplete, including the specific locations and subtypes of nerves in bone, we are now able to reconcile early studies utilizing denervation models with recent work dissecting the molecular signaling between bone and nerve. In total, sensory innervation functions in bone much as it does elsewhere in the body-to sense and respond to stimuli, including mechanical loading. Similarly, sympathetic nerves regulate autonomic functions related to bone, including homeostatic remodeling and vascular tone. However, more study is required to translate our current knowledge of bone-nerve crosstalk to novel therapeutic strategies that can be effectively utilized to combat skeletal diseases, disorders of low bone mass, and age-related decreases in bone quality.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 33071963
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00646 -
Endocrinology Dec 2021Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a widely dispersed, broad class of synthetic chemicals with diverse biological effects, including effects on... (Review)
Review
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a widely dispersed, broad class of synthetic chemicals with diverse biological effects, including effects on adipose and bone differentiation. PFAS most commonly occur as mixtures and only rarely, if ever, as single environmental contaminants. This poses significant regulatory questions and a pronounced need for chemical risk assessments, analytical methods, and technological solutions to reduce the risk to public and environmental health. The effects of PFAS on biological systems may be complex. Each may have several molecular targets initiating multiple biochemical events leading to a number of different adverse outcomes. An exposure to mixtures or coexposures of PFAS complicates the picture further. This review illustrates how PFAS target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Additionally, we describe how such activation leads to changes in cell differentiation and bone development that contributes to metabolic disorder and bone weakness. This discussion sheds light on the importance of seemingly modest outcomes observed in test animals and highlights why the most sensitive end points identified in some chemical risk assessments are significant from a public health perspective.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Bone and Bones; Environmental Pollutants; Fluorocarbons; Humans; PPAR gamma; Protein Binding
PubMed: 34480479
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab194