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Gut Microbes 2022Immunotherapy has led to impressive advances in the treatment of autoimmune and pro-inflammatory disorders; yet, its clinical outcomes remain limited by a variety of...
Immunotherapy has led to impressive advances in the treatment of autoimmune and pro-inflammatory disorders; yet, its clinical outcomes remain limited by a variety of factors including the pro-inflammatory microenvironment (IME). Discovering effective immunomodulatory agents, and the mechanisms by which they control disease, will lead to innovative strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of current immunotherapeutic approaches. We have metabolically engineered an attenuated bacterial strain (i.e., 16M ∆, Bm∆) to produce indole, a tryptophan metabolite that controls the fate and function of regulatory T (T) cells. We demonstrated that treatment with Bm∆ polarized macrophages (Mφ) which produced anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) and promoted T function; moreover, when combined with adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cells, a single treatment with our engineered bacterial strain dramatically reduced the incidence and score of autoimmune arthritis and decreased joint damage. These findings show how a metabolically engineered bacterium can constitute a powerful vehicle for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy, defeating autoimmunity, and reducing inflammation by remodeling the IME and augmenting T cell function.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmunity; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Cytokines; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Bacteria
PubMed: 36404471
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2143222 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2022Azerbaijan currently ranks thirteenth in global incidence of human brucellosis, with an estimated annual incidence through 2000 at over 50 cases per million. Brucella...
BACKGROUND
Azerbaijan currently ranks thirteenth in global incidence of human brucellosis, with an estimated annual incidence through 2000 at over 50 cases per million. Brucella melitensis has been isolated from patients and is thought to have been acquired through contact with small ruminants or as a foodborne infection. To reduce the burden of human brucellosis, the Azerbaijani government began in 2002, a nationwide vaccination control campaign in small ruminants. There is serological evidence of bovine brucellosis (presumably due to Brucella abortus) in Azerbaijan, but no prevalence estimates were available when this study started in March 2017. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Brucella spp. from cow milk in the Ganja region, where brucellosis takes a heavy toll on humans and livestock.
RESULTS
Blood and milk samples were collected from cows (n = 1075) in early lactation (up to 90-days) in farms that had a history of previous positive serological results and abortions. Twenty-two out of 57 milk samples collected from seropositive cows, showed growth on Farrell's media, when incubated with 5% CO. Eight additional milk samples showed growth in the absence of CO. The classical biotyping classified them as Brucella abortus (22) and Brucella melitensis (8). RT-PCR confirmed that strains belonged to the genus Brucella. MLVA profiles were obtained for DNA extracted from two B. abortus and six B. melitensis strains. While the B. abortus genetic profile was described in the MLVA database, matching the profile of B. abortus strains isolated in East Europe, Central Asia and China, we found a new genotype for the B. melitensis strains isolated in Azerbaijan, clustering with strains belonging to the American clade, rarely identified in the region.
CONCLUSION
Despite the implementation of the vaccination program in small ruminants, our results suggest that spill-over events of B. melitensis from small ruminants to cattle have occurred. However, cattle are likely to be primarily infected with B. abortus, which warranted the implementation of a bovine brucellosis program. Such a program started in fall 2017. In the Ganja region, cattle should be considered as a potential source of B. abortus and B. melitensis for humans.
Topics: Animals; Azerbaijan; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Cattle; Female; Humans; Milk; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35168621
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03155-1 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Northeast China has always been an area with severe brucellosis prevalence. This study will identify in Northeast China and test its resistance to antibiotics, in order...
INTRODUCTION
Northeast China has always been an area with severe brucellosis prevalence. This study will identify in Northeast China and test its resistance to antibiotics, in order to clarify its resistance mechanism. is a widespread and highly pathogenic bacteria that poses serious threats to public health and animal husbandry.
METHODS
In this study, 61 isolates were identified by abortus-melitensis-ovis-suis polymerase chain reaction (AMOS-PCR) for biotypes and epidemic potential was clarified by multi-locus sequence analysis. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and the antibiotic susceptibility of the strains against 13 antibiotics was detected with the use of E-test strips.
RESULTS
The results showed that all of the isolates were ST8, group CC4 with little genetic variation and obvious geographical characteristics. All 61 isolates were sensitive to doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin, while 24.6%, 86.9%, 65.6%, 27.9%, 3.3%, and 1.6% were resistant to rifampin, azithromycin, cefepime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefotaxime, and meperidine/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. This is the first report of cephalosporin-resistant in China. The WGS results indicated that about 60% of the antibiotic resistance genes were associated with efflux pumps (mainly the resistance nodulation division family).
DISCUSSION
Brucellosis is usually treated with antibiotics for several months, which can easily lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. To ensure the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics for treatment of brucellosis, continuous surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is especially important.
PubMed: 37125183
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137932 -
New Microbes and New Infections Nov 2019Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases of animal and human beings. This study aimed to differentiate the spp. and determines the patterns of biovars by...
Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases of animal and human beings. This study aimed to differentiate the spp. and determines the patterns of biovars by using repetitive element palindromic (REP)-PCR and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. A total of 100 blood specimens suspected of harbouring brucellosis were collected. Conventional culture methods and multiplex PCR were used for the detection of genus and species; and REP-PCR was used for spp. differentiation and polymorphisms sequence analysis. In addition, to identify the biovar patterns of REP-PCR, PCR-RFLP was used. Eighty-three samples were identified as harbouring spp. by the implementation of multiplex PCR, 72 of which were detected as and 11 as Also, through analysing the results of PCR-RFLP, it was found that of 72 samples, 69 were biovar 1 and three species were from other biovars. In addition, the obtained patterns for all of the samples were from biovars 3, 5, 6 and 9. This study also optimized a test for the detection of biovar with the REP-PCR method such that spp. and biovars could be separated in the shortest possible time.
PubMed: 31641507
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100589 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2021Brucellosis of goats is caused by It is a re-emerging zoonotic disease in many countries due to transmission from domestic animals and wildlife such as ibex, deer and...
BACKGROUND
Brucellosis of goats is caused by It is a re-emerging zoonotic disease in many countries due to transmission from domestic animals and wildlife such as ibex, deer and wild buffaloes.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the pathological changes, identification and distribution of in foetuses of experimentally infected does.
METHODS
Twelve female goats of approximately 90 days pregnant were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was exposed intra-conjunctival to 100 µL of sterile PBS while goats of Groups 2, 3 and 4 were similarly exposed to 100 µL of an inoculum containing 10 CFU/mL of live Goats of these groups were killed at 15, 30 and 60 days post-inoculation, respectively. Foetal fluid and tissues were collected for bacterial identification (using direct bacterial culture, PCR and immuno-peroxidase staining) and histopathological examination.
RESULTS
Bilateral intra-conjunctival exposure of pregnant does resulted in infection of the foetuses. All full-term foetuses of group 4 were either aborted or stillborn, showing petechiations of the skin or absence of hair coat with subcutaneous oedema. The internal organs showed most severe lesions. Immune-peroxidase staining revealed antigen distribution in all organs that became most extensive in group 4. was successfully isolated from the stomach content, foetal fluid and various other organs.
CONCLUSION
Vertical transmission of caprine brucellosis was evident causing mild to moderate lesions in different organs. The samples of choice for isolation and identification of are stomach content as well as liver and spleen tissue.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Female; Fetus; Gastrointestinal Contents; Goat Diseases; Goats; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Stillbirth
PubMed: 33349157
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1867328 -
Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implications, and Status of Brucellosis in Ethiopia.Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in cattle, and and also occasionally cause infection in cattle. Abortion and the retained fetal membrane are typical signs in females, whereas orchitis and bursitis are the known signs in male cattle. Brucellosis is typically transmitted to healthy cattle by direct or indirect contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. Humans can acquire brucellosis through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products, and through contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. The occurrence of bovine brucellosis is affected by different factors related to the management system, host, and environmental factors. In Ethiopia, the occurrence of brucellosis is high in pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, wherever humans live closely with cattle and so have a higher probability of picking up the organism. The most suitable technique in the management of infection is the vaccination of young female cattle. can also be eradicated by the isolation of diseased cattle, administration of immunizing agents, and test-and-slaughter methods. Therefore, it is important to implement applicable management techniques and to increase public awareness about the transmission of brucellosis, and further research should be conducted on brucellosis in high-risk groups.
PubMed: 35028300
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S347337 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, in cattle, in goats and sheep, and in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type , and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address 's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
PubMed: 36620020
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2022Abortions cause tremendous economic losses in food-producing animals and may lead to food insecurity.
BACKGROUND
Abortions cause tremendous economic losses in food-producing animals and may lead to food insecurity.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to characterize Brucella spp. and other abortigenic pathogens from aborted tissues of cattle.
METHODS
For cattle, aborted tissues (n = 19) were cultured, and Brucella spp. were detected using the genus-specific 16S-23S ribosomal DNA interspacer region (ITS) assay and speciated using Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR assays. Brucella negative samples were screened using the eight abortigenic pathogens PCR panel. Samples from an abortion outbreak that occurred within a goat tribe were included in this investigation. Sera of females (n = 8) and males (n = 2) were analyzed using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), while vaginal swabs (n = 3) and aborted tissues (n = 1) were cultured and characterized.
RESULTS
The ITS-PCR detected Brucella DNA in cultures from two aborted tissues of cattle (10.5%, [2/19]), which were identified as B. melitensis (n = 1), and B. abortus (n = 1) using AMOS and Bruce-ladder PCR assays. Campylobacter fetus (n = 7) and Leptospira spp. (n = 4) including co-infections (n = 2) of C. fetus and Leptospira spp. were identified from the Brucella negative samples of cattle. Goats (100.0%, 10/10) were brucellosis seropositive on RBT and i-ELISA. Mixed infections caused by B. melitensis and B. abortus were isolated from the vaginal swabs (n = 3) and aborted tissues (n = 1).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This is the first identification of abortion-associated pathogens in aborted cattle indicating the enormous financial losses and a threat to public health. It is therefore essential to include these identified pathogens in the surveillance scheme of veterinary and human services.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucella ovis; Brucella suis; Brucellosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Leptospira; Male; Pregnancy; Rwanda
PubMed: 35420251
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.805 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Mar 2023Aim to investigate the brucella culture characteristics, diagnosis methods, and clinical characteristics, to provide the laboratory with diagnostic methods and...
OBJECTIVE
Aim to investigate the brucella culture characteristics, diagnosis methods, and clinical characteristics, to provide the laboratory with diagnostic methods and prevention and treatment for brucellosis.
METHODS
Data of 328 cases of brucellosis from 2012 to 2022 was analyzed, retrospectively. The bacterial culture characteristics, the clinical diagnostic methods, and the complications were analyzed respectively. The infection biomarkers of the brucellosis were analyzed by Receiver operating characteristic curve ROC.
RESULTS
Among the 328 brucellosis, 78.96 % of cases were men, the median age of the patients was (45.21±13.49) years and the annual incidence in our region was 67/100 000 per year. The diagnostic methods included pathogenic bacteria culture, serological diagnosis, and suspect case were 24.39 %, 47.56 %, and 28.05 %, respectively, sensitivity of combined detection Standard agglutination test (SAT) and the Rose Bengal test (RBT) is 96.2 %. In our work, 80 cases of brucellosis were diagnosed by a bacterial culture which were been identified as Brucella melitensis, blood culture was the main method (78.75 %) and the average positive alarm time was 80.74 (21.6-129) h and all of them were detected in aerobic bottles, followed by synovial fluid, bone marrow, lumbar spine, and joint tissue, puncture fluid and ascites culture which were 6.25 %, 3.75 %, 5.00 %, 5.00 % and 1.25 % respectively. The brucellosis with complications was lumbar spine lesions at 41.46 % cervical spine lesions at 4.60 % and knee joint lesions at 12.8 % and another osteoarthritis. The in-hospital mortality rate of the patients was 0.91 % and all of them were meningitis patients. ROC analysis indicated CRP had high sensitivity and specificity for brucellosis, and when CRP was 1.23mg/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.727 and 0.718 respectively, and the U test also indicated CRP had a significant difference, Z=5.054, p <0.001.
CONCLUSIONS
Brucellosis is frequently morbidity in 40 + age men, which has been diagnosed by aerobic blood culture, generally bacterial culture, RBT and SAT, epidemiological, and commonly with complications of spine and arthropathy.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Bacterial; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Retrospective Studies; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 36641837
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.002 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2019Population density and distribution of the four native European wild Caprines (, , , ) have increased in recent decades. The improved conservation status of this... (Review)
Review
Population density and distribution of the four native European wild Caprines (, , , ) have increased in recent decades. The improved conservation status of this valuable wildlife, while a welcome event in general terms, is at the same time a matter of concern since, intuitively, frequent and tighter contacts with sympatric livestock imply a greater risk of cross-transmission of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and offer unexpected opportunities for pathogens to spread, persist and evolve. This article recalls the transmissible diseases that are perceived in Europe to be of major significance from a conservation perspective, namely brucellosis (BRC) by , infectious kerato-conjunctivitis (IKC) by , pestivirosis (PV) by the border disease virus strain 4 and mange by . Special emphasis has been put on the epidemiological role played by small domestic ruminants, and on key knowledge needed to implement evidence-based prevention and control strategies. Remarkably, scientific evidence demonstrates that major demographic downturns in affected wild Caprinae populations in recent decades have often been triggered by pathogens cross-transmitted at the livestock/wildlife interface.
PubMed: 31694211
DOI: 10.3390/ani9110922