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F1000Research 2020Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis. EC is histologically divided into two major categories:... (Review)
Review
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis. EC is histologically divided into two major categories: adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EAC and ESCC are molecularly different and therefore treatments should reflect the respective histological subtype. Combined modality therapy is needed for localized EC. When EC is advanced (stage 4), systemic therapy is the mainstay treatment for palliation. For localized EC, several strategies are considered standard, and more trials are necessary to determine a unified and more effective approach. The management for advanced EC is slowly evolving as immunotherapy is showing some promise for ESCC, but more data from ongoing studies are anticipated. Treatment advances will be based on high-definition genomic investigation of individual tumors. Herein, we review the contemporary trends in diagnosing and treating EAC and ESCC.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Humans; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 33042518
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22926.1 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Dec 2019
Topics: Humans; Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Follow-Up Studies; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 31549998
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz400 -
Advances in Therapy Jul 2020Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have been described with increasing frequency. These variants include diffuse sclerosing variant, tall cell... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have been described with increasing frequency. These variants include diffuse sclerosing variant, tall cell variant, columnar cell variant, solid variant, and hobnail variant.
METHODS
We have performed a review of the more aggressive variants of PTC with respect to main characteristics, histological and molecular features, and the consequences that the knowledge of these variants should have in the treatment of the patients.
RESULTS
At the present time, we do not know the prognostic value of these aggressive PTC variants. The extent of the surgical treatment and adjuvant therapy necessary should be decided on the basis of the extent of the tumor at presentation and the opinion of experienced clinicians.
CONCLUSION
These aggressive variants should be known by clinicians, to avoid underdiagnosis, and treated according to the latest recommendations in the literature.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Papillary; Female; Genetic Variation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 32488657
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01391-1 -
Radiology Feb 2022Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a nonobligate precursor of invasive cancer, and its detection, diagnosis, and management are controversial. DCIS incidence grew with... (Review)
Review
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a nonobligate precursor of invasive cancer, and its detection, diagnosis, and management are controversial. DCIS incidence grew with the expansion of screening mammography programs in the 1980s and 1990s, and DCIS is viewed as a major driver of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. For pathologists, the diagnosis and classification of DCIS is challenging due to undersampling and interobserver variability. Understanding the progression from normal breast tissue to DCIS and, ultimately, to invasive cancer is limited by a paucity of natural history data with multiple proposed evolutionary models of DCIS initiation and progression. Although radiologists are familiar with the classic presentation of DCIS as asymptomatic calcifications at mammography, the expanded pool of modalities, advanced imaging techniques, and image analytics have identified multiple potential biomarkers of histopathologic characteristics and prognosis. Finally, there is growing interest in the nonsurgical management of DCIS, including active surveillance, to reduce overtreatment and provide patients with more personalized management options. However, current biomarkers are not adept at enabling identification of occult invasive disease at biopsy or accurately predicting the risk of progression to invasive disease. Several active surveillance trials are ongoing and are expected to better identify women with low-risk DCIS who may avoid surgery.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Prognosis
PubMed: 34931856
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211839 -
Revista Medica Del Instituto Mexicano... Feb 2022Squamous cell cancer (SCC) represents 90-95% of all types of cancer. In Mexico, the frequency of oral SCC (OSCC) has increased, with an incidence between 1 and 5%. OSCC... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Squamous cell cancer (SCC) represents 90-95% of all types of cancer. In Mexico, the frequency of oral SCC (OSCC) has increased, with an incidence between 1 and 5%. OSCC is associated with subjects in the 5th and 7th decade of life, males, positive for smoking, alcoholism, genetic factors, immunosuppression, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and unhealthy lifestyles, among others. The objective of this work was to present a clinical case as an example of the emerging characteristics in a patient with OSCC.
CLINICAL CASE
38-year-old female patient, with indurated ulcer, partially adhered to deep planes and painful, associated with an increase in volume, located on the belly and lateral edge of the tongue. A biopsy was performed and with the histopathological diagnosis of well differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma, the presence of HPV was determined, resulting positive for HPV-16. Combined cancer treatment was performed (surgical-radiation-chemotherapy), with good results for the patient regarding aesthetics and function.
CONCLUSIONS
We analyzed several studies evaluating the presence of HPV in lesions of OSCC, as a risk factor that involves more frequently cases of young patients, with location in tongue, and negative antecedents for smoking and alcoholism compared to cases of OSCC not associated with HPV. Data are required to help elucidate various still unknown aspects of oral HPV infection and its relationship with OSCC.
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Mouth Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 35274916
DOI: No ID Found -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Sep 2020Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) is a group of cancer arising from mucosal surfaces of the head and neck. Optimal management of SCCHN requires a... (Review)
Review
Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) is a group of cancer arising from mucosal surfaces of the head and neck. Optimal management of SCCHN requires a multidisciplinary team of surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, nutritionist, and speech-language pathologists, due to the complexity of anatomical structure and importance of functional outcome. Human papilloma virus (HPV)-related SCCHN represents a distinct subset from HPV negative SCCHN which is associated with carcinogen exposure such as cigarette smoking, betel nut use and alcohol. HPV related SCCHN responds better to concurrent chemoradiation and has better overall prognosis, compared to HPV negative SCCHN. Radiation therapy has been introduced to the treatment of SCCHN, administered concurrently with systemic chemotherapy for locoregional SCCHN, as well as a palliative measure for recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) SCCHN. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to improve overall survival in R/M-SCCHN and have been incorporated into the standard of care. Combination approaches with immune therapy and targeted therapy for biomarker enriched population based on genomics are being actively investigated and will shape the future of SCCHN treatment.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Papillomaviridae; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 32663913
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.078 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2021Immunohistochemistry is an essential component of diagnostic breast pathology. The emergence of novel assays and applications is accompanied by new interpretation... (Review)
Review
Immunohistochemistry is an essential component of diagnostic breast pathology. The emergence of novel assays and applications is accompanied by new interpretation criteria and potential pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry assists in supporting breast origin for primary or metastatic carcinomas and identifying non-mammary metastases to the breast; however, no single immunostain is perfectly sensitive nor specific. GATA3 and Sox10 are particularly useful immunostains to identify triple negative breast carcinoma, which are often negative for other markers of mammary differentiation. Sox10 labeling is a major potential diagnostic pitfall, as Sox10 and S-100 label both triple negative breast carcinoma and metastatic melanoma; a pan-cytokeratin immunostain should always be included for this differential diagnosis. Novel immunohistochemistry serves as surrogates for the molecular alterations unique to several of special-type breast carcinomas, including the use of MYB in adenoid cystic carcinoma, pan-TRK in secretory carcinoma, and mutant IDH2 in tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity (TCCRP). In addition, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry is an emerging, albeit imperfect, biomarker for breast cancer immunotherapy, with different assay parameters and scoring criteria in breast carcinoma compared to other tumor types. The expanding repertoire of novel immunohistochemistry provides additional diagnostic tools and biomarkers that improve diagnostic breast pathology and patient care.
Topics: B7-H1 Antigen; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; GATA3 Transcription Factor; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; SOXE Transcription Factors; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
PubMed: 33110239
DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00697-3 -
American Family Physician Sep 2020Keratinocyte carcinoma, traditionally referred to as nonmelanoma skin cancer, includes basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and is the most common skin... (Review)
Review
Keratinocyte carcinoma, traditionally referred to as nonmelanoma skin cancer, includes basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and is the most common skin cancer malignancy found in humans. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends counseling about minimizing exposure to ultraviolet radiation for people aged six months to 24 years with fair skin types to decrease their risk of skin cancer. Routine screening for skin cancer is controversial. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concludes that current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of a routine whole-body skin examination to screen for skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma commonly appears as a shiny, pearly papule with a smooth surface, rolled borders, and arborizing telangiectatic surface vessels. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma commonly appears as a firm, smooth, or hyperkeratotic papule or plaque, and may have central ulceration. Initial tissue sampling for diagnosis is a shave technique if the lesion is raised, or a punch biopsy of the most abnormal-appearing area of skin. High-risk factors for recurrence and metastasis include prior tumors, ill-defined borders, aggressive histologic patterns, and perineural invasion. Mohs micrographic surgery has the lowest recurrence rate among treatments but is best considered for large, high-risk tumors or tumors in sensitive anatomic locations. Smaller, lower-risk tumors are treated with surgical excision, electrodesiccation and curettage, or cryotherapy. Topical imiquimod and fluorouracil are also treatment options for superficial basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in situ. There are no clear guidelines for follow up after an index keratinocyte carcinoma, but monitoring for recurrence is important because the five-year risk of subsequent skin cancer is 41%. After more than one diagnosis, the five-year risk increases to 82%.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Family Practice; Humans; Mohs Surgery; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 32931212
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Nov 2020
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hypopharynx; Larynx; Mouth; Oropharynx
PubMed: 33239190
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.07.011 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a serious public health problem due to its high incidence and metastatic potential. It may progress from actinic keratosis...
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a serious public health problem due to its high incidence and metastatic potential. It may progress from actinic keratosis (AK), a precancerous lesion, or the in situ carcinoma, Bowen's disease (BD). During this progression, malignant keratinocytes activate dermal fibroblasts into tumor promoting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), whose origin and emergence remain largely unknown. Here, we generate and analyze >115,000 single-cell transcriptomes from healthy skin, BD and cSCC of male donors. Our results reveal immunoregulatory and matrix-remodeling CAF subtypes that may derive from pro-inflammatory and mesenchymal fibroblasts, respectively. These CAF subtypes are largely absent in AK and interact with different cell types to establish a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. These findings are cSCC-specific and could not be recapitulated in basal cell carcinomas. Our study provides important insights into the potential origin and functionalities of dermal CAFs that will be highly beneficial for the specific targeting of the cSCC microenvironment.
Topics: Male; Humans; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts; Skin Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma in Situ; Keratosis, Actinic; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37669956
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41141-9