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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021Venous thromboembolism, a complex disease combining deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its most dangerous complication, pulmonary embolism (PE), strikes millions of people...
Venous thromboembolism, a complex disease combining deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its most dangerous complication, pulmonary embolism (PE), strikes millions of people worldwide [...].
Topics: Biomarkers; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 33917767
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083853 -
The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery Oct 2021Compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery is a benign anatomic abnormality in most individuals. However, in patients with... (Review)
Review
Compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery is a benign anatomic abnormality in most individuals. However, in patients with significant vein compression, outflow obstruction and chronic intraluminal venous damage may lead to May-Thurner Syndrome. This syndrome commonly manifests as unilateral left leg swelling or acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. In addition to clinical findings, diagnosis is made with ultrasound, computed tomography venography, or magnetic resonance venography. The extent of compression of the iliac vein is best determined by venography with intravascular ultrasound. Symptoms and hemodynamic significance of the compression guides the ideal treatment approach. Iliocaval stenting has become the standard treatment for this condition and has promising patency rates and clinical outcomes. This review paper provided an overview of pathophysiology, and utility and limitations of the existing diagnostic modalities and treatment options in the management of May-Thurner Syndrome.
Topics: Angioplasty, Balloon; Humans; Iliac Vein; May-Thurner Syndrome; Recurrence; Stents; Thrombolytic Therapy; Treatment Outcome; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 33870678
DOI: 10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11889-0 -
Korean Journal of Radiology Jun 2021Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious medical condition that can result in local pain and gait disturbance. DVT progression can also lead to death or... (Review)
Review
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious medical condition that can result in local pain and gait disturbance. DVT progression can also lead to death or major disability as a result of pulmonary embolism, postthrombotic syndrome, or limb amputation. However, early thrombus removal can rapidly relieve symptoms and prevent disease progression. Various endovascular procedures have been developed in the recent years to treat DVT, and endovascular treatment has been established as one of the major therapeutic methods to treat lower extremity DVT. However, the treatment of lower extremity DVT varies according to the disease duration, location of affected vessels, and the presence of symptoms. This article reviews and discusses effective endovascular treatment methods for lower extremity DVT.
Topics: Endovascular Procedures; Humans; Lower Extremity; Pulmonary Embolism; Thrombolytic Therapy; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 33660456
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0675 -
Vascular Medicine (London, England) Dec 2021Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has been utilized as an adjunct to anticoagulant therapy in selected patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) for approximately 30... (Review)
Review
Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has been utilized as an adjunct to anticoagulant therapy in selected patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) for approximately 30 years. CDT used to be limited to patients with DVT causing acute limb threat and those exhibiting failure of initial anticoagulation, but has expanded over time. Randomized trials evaluating the first-line use of CDT for proximal DVT have demonstrated that CDT does not produce a major reduction in the occurrence of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and that it is poorly suited for elderly patients and those with limited thrombus extent or major risk factors for bleeding. However, CDT does offer selected patients with acute iliofemoral DVT improvement in reducing early DVT symptoms, in achieving reduction in PTS severity, and in producing an improvement in health-related quality of life (QOL). Clinical practice guidelines from medical and surgical societies are now largely aligned with the randomized trial results. This review offers the reader an update on the results of recently completed clinical trials, and additional guidance on appropriate selection of patients with DVT for catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy.
Topics: Aged; Catheters; Humans; Iliac Vein; Postthrombotic Syndrome; Quality of Life; Thrombolytic Therapy; Treatment Outcome; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 34606385
DOI: 10.1177/1358863X211042930 -
Nutrition, Metabolism, and... May 2023In observational studies, statins have been suggested to have protective effects on venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
In observational studies, statins have been suggested to have protective effects on venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). To this aim, we performed a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether these associations were causal.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Data on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to statin medication were obtained from the FinnGen study, and data for VTE, PE and DVT of lower extremities (LEDVT) were from the UK Biobank study, respectively. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the principal analysis of MR, and sensitivity analysis was performed to detect horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity. MR estimates showed an inverse causal association between statin medication and the risk of VTE (odds ratio [OR]: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.998-1.000, P = 0.004), PE (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.999-1.000, P = 0.011) and LEDVT (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.999-1.000, P = 0.008).
CONCLUSION
Our findings provide direct evidence that statins might decrease the risk of VTE, PE and LEDVT in agreement with observational studies. The specific mechanism of statin therapy for venous thromboembolism needs to be further studied.
Topics: Humans; Venous Thromboembolism; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Venous Thrombosis; Pulmonary Embolism
PubMed: 36958971
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.02.023 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a part of venous thromboembolism (VTE) that clinically manifests as swelling and pain in the lower limbs. The most serious clinical... (Review)
Review
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a part of venous thromboembolism (VTE) that clinically manifests as swelling and pain in the lower limbs. The most serious clinical complication of DVT is pulmonary embolism (PE), which has a high mortality rate. To date, its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and patients usually present with clinical symptoms only after the formation of the thrombus. Thus, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of deep vein thrombosis for an early diagnosis and treatment of DVT. In recent years, many studies have concluded that Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are closely associated with DVT. These are released by neutrophils and, in addition to trapping pathogens, can mediate the formation of deep vein thrombi, thereby blocking blood vessels and leading to the development of disease. Therefore, this paper describes the occurrence and development of NETs and discusses the mechanism of action of NETs on deep vein thrombosis. It aims to provide a direction for improved diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis in the near future.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Traps; Neutrophils; Lower Extremity; Pain; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 37680629
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198952 -
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2019Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) including portal, mesenteric, splenic vein thrombosis and the Budd-Chiari syndrome, is a manifestation of unusual site venous... (Review)
Review
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) including portal, mesenteric, splenic vein thrombosis and the Budd-Chiari syndrome, is a manifestation of unusual site venous thromboembolism. SVT presents with a lower incidence than deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs and pulmonary embolism, with portal vein thrombosis and Budd-Chiari syndrome being respectively the most and the least common presentations of SVT. SVT is classified as provoked if secondary to a local or systemic risk factor, or unprovoked if the causative trigger cannot be identified. Diagnostic evaluation is often affected by the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations: the presence of one or more risk factors in a patient with a high clinical suspicion may suggest the execution of diagnostic tests. Doppler ultrasonography represents the first line diagnostic tool because of its accuracy and wide availability. Further investigations, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, should be executed in case of suspected thrombosis of the mesenteric veins, suspicion of SVT-related complications, or to complete information after Doppler ultrasonography. Once SVT diagnosis is established, a careful patient evaluation should be performed in order to assess the risks and benefits of the anticoagulant therapy and to drive the optimal treatment intensity. Due to the low quality and large heterogeneity of published data, guidance documents and expert opinion could direct therapeutic decision, suggesting which patients to treat, which anticoagulant to use and the duration of treatment.
Topics: Anticoagulants; Humans; Mesenteric Veins; Portal Vein; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Factors; Splanchnic Circulation; Splenic Vein; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 31695400
DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S197732 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2020Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a pathology encompassing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) associated with high morbidity and mortality. Because... (Review)
Review
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a pathology encompassing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) associated with high morbidity and mortality. Because patients often present after a thrombus has already formed, the mechanisms that drive DVT resolution are being investigated in search of treatment. Herein, we review the current literature, including the molecular mechanisms of fibrinolysis and collagenolysis, as well as the critical cellular roles of macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells. We propose two general models for the operation of the immune system in the context of venous thrombosis. In early thrombus resolution, neutrophil influx stabilizes the tissue through NETosis. Meanwhile, macrophages and intact neutrophils recognize the extracellular DNA by the TLR9 receptor and induce fibrosis, a complimentary stabilization method. At later stages of resolution, pro-inflammatory macrophages police the thrombus for pathogens, a role supported by both T-cells and mast cells. Once they verify sterility, these macrophages transform into their pro-resolving phenotype. Endothelial cells both coat the stabilized thrombus, a necessary early step, and can undergo an endothelial-mesenchymal transition, which impedes DVT resolution. Several of these interactions hold promise for future therapy.
Topics: Animals; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; Endothelial Cells; Fibrosis; Humans; Macrophages; Mast Cells; Neutrophils; T-Lymphocytes; Toll-Like Receptor 9; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 32197363
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062080 -
Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal 2024For patients with existing venous thromboembolisms (VTEs), anticoagulation remains the standard of care recommended across multiple professional organizations. However,... (Review)
Review
For patients with existing venous thromboembolisms (VTEs), anticoagulation remains the standard of care recommended across multiple professional organizations. However, for patients who developed a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or a pulmonary embolism and cannot tolerate anticoagulation, inferior vena cava (IVC) filters must be considered among other alternative treatments. Although placement of a filter is considered a low-risk intervention, there are important factors and techniques that surgeons and interventionalists should be aware of and prepared to discuss. This overview covers the basics regarding the history of filters, indications for placement, associated risks, and techniques for difficult removal.
Topics: Vena Cava Filters; Humans; Pulmonary Embolism; Venous Thrombosis; Risk Factors; Device Removal; Prosthesis Implantation; Prosthesis Design; Treatment Outcome; Venous Thromboembolism; Vena Cava, Inferior; Risk Assessment; Anticoagulants
PubMed: 38765211
DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1346 -
Experimental Biology and Medicine... Nov 2021Deep venous thrombosis is one of the most common venous thromboembolic diseases and has a low cure rate and a high postoperative recurrence rate. Furthermore, emerging...
Deep venous thrombosis is one of the most common venous thromboembolic diseases and has a low cure rate and a high postoperative recurrence rate. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs are involved in deep venous thrombosis. miR-296-5p is an important microRNA that plays a critical role in various cellular functions, and S100A4 is closely related to vascular function. miR-296-5p is downregulated in deep venous thrombosis patients, and its predicted target S100A4 is upregulated in deep venous thrombosis patients. Therefore, it was hypothesized that miR-296-5p may play a vital role in the development of deep venous thrombosis by targeting S100A4. An Ox-LDL-stimulated HUVEC and deep venous thrombosis mouse model was employed to detect the biological functions of miR-296-5p and S100A4. Dual luciferase reporter assays and pull-down assays were used to authenticate the interaction between miR-296-5p and S100A4. ELISA and Western blotting were employed to detect the protein levels of thrombosis-related factors and the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT)-related factors. The miR-296-5p levels were reduced, while the S100A4 levels were enhanced in deep venous thrombosis patients, and the miR-296-5p levels were negatively correlated with the S100A4 levels in deep venous thrombosis patients. miR-296-5p suppressed S100A4 expression by targeting the 3' UTR of S100A4. MiR-296-5p knockdown accelerated ox-LDL-induced HUVEC apoptosis, oxidative stress, thrombosis-related factor expression, and EndMT, while S100A4 knockdown antagonized these effects in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. S100A4 knockdown reversed the effect induced by miR-296-5p knockdown. Moreover, the studies revealed that miR-296-5p knockdown in deep venous thrombosis mice exacerbated deep venous thrombosis formation, whereas S100A4 knockdown had the opposite effect. These results indicate that elevated miR-296-5p inhibits deep venous thrombosis formation by inhibiting S100A4 expression. Both miR-296-5p and S100A4 may be potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for deep venous thrombosis.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Reactive Oxygen Species; S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 34192971
DOI: 10.1177/15353702211023034