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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Tocopherols are natural bioactive compounds with several health benefits. This study evaluated the effect of different ratios of α- and δ- tocopherol homologs to...
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Synergistic Effect of α- and δ-Tocopherol as Natural Antioxidants in the Stabilization of Sunflower Oil and Olive Pomace Oil during Storage Conditions.
Tocopherols are natural bioactive compounds with several health benefits. This study evaluated the effect of different ratios of α- and δ- tocopherol homologs to protect sunflower oil (SO) and olive pomace oil (OPO) against oxidation. A synergistic effect was recorded when the two tocopherols were combined at a ratio of 7:1 (α-T/δ-T). The oil samples were exposed to accelerated oxidation conditions using a Rancimat (90 °C and airflow of 15 L/h for 24 h) and protection from tocopherols was compared with that from butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Assessment of oil stability was examined using well-known parameters such as peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (p-AV), conjugated dienes (CD) and trienes (CT), and total oxidation (Totox) value, which were all significantly reduced when tocopherols were added at a ratio of 7:1 α-T/δ-T. Primary oxidative compounds measured according to PV were only reduced in SO samples (6.11%). Off-flavor compounds measured via TBARS assay in SO samples were reduced by above 20%, while p-AV was also reduced. CDvalue was correlated with PV in SO samples, while the 7:1 mixture was more effective than BHT for CTvalue. Total oxidation values in SO samples and OPO samples were reduced by 6.02% and 12.62%, respectively. These values in SO samples also provided a remarkable correlation (R2 > 0.95) with incubation time. Moreover, the synergistic effect was not only effective in reducing the oxidation values of oil samples, but also in lowering the degradation rate of tocopherols. Protective effects from tocopherols were mainly observed in SO samples, as OPO samples were more resistant to oxidation processes. This effect was even observed in fatty acid analysis, where the 7:1 mixture provided better results than BHT-spiked samples. Thus, it is suggested that tocopherol mixtures might be used as a natural preservative in the food industry to restrain lipid oxidation processes.
Topics: Antioxidants; Sunflower Oil; Olive Oil; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Tocopherols; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Oils
PubMed: 36674630
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021113 -
Biomolecules Oct 2022We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was...
Acyl-ω-methylserotonins and Branched-chain Acylserotonins in Lemon and Other Citrus Seeds-New Lipids with Antioxidant Properties and Potential Pharmacological Applications.
We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was characterized by HR-MS spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. These compounds were predominantly long-chain (C20-C25), saturated acyl-ω-methylserotonins with the main contribution of C22 and C24 homologues, usually accounting for about 40% and 30% of all acylserotonins, respectively. The other, previously undescribed, minor compounds were branched-chain acylserotonins, as well as normal-chain acylserotonins, recently found in baobab seed oil. Within the seed, acylserotonins were found nearly exclusively in the inner seed coat, where probably their biosynthesis proceeds. On the other hand, lemon seedlings contained only trace amounts of these compounds that were not found in adult leaves. The compounds identified in the present studies were shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the investigated reaction in hexane, Me-C22 and Me-C24-serotonins were less active than n-C22 and n-C24-serotonins and δ-tocopherol, while branched-chain acylserotonins (iso-C21 and -C25) showed higher antioxidant activity than all the normal-chain compounds. On the other hand, all these compounds showed a similar but considerably lower antioxidant activity in acetonitrile than in hexane.
Topics: Citrus; Antioxidants; Hexanes; Seeds; Plant Oils; Lipids; Acetonitriles
PubMed: 36291737
DOI: 10.3390/biom12101528 -
Metabolites Feb 2022The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to...
The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 14-day heat stress period and of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation under heat stress on fecal metabolite profiles and to investigate their associations with physiological markers of heat stress, leaky gut, and inflammation in lactating dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83.4 ± 27.1 DIM) were enrolled in an experiment in a split-plot design. The main plot was the level of dietary vitamin E and Se, as follows: (1) low (L-ESe; 20 IU/kg vitamin E, 0.3 ppm Se) or (2) high (H-ESe 200 IU/kg vitamin E, 1.2 ppm Se). Within each plot, six cows were randomly assigned to either (1) heat stress (HS; Total Humidity Index (THI): 82), (2) pair-feeding in thermoneutrality (TNPF; THI = 64), or (3) HS with vitamin D and Ca supplementation (HS+DCa; 1820 IU/kg and 1.5% Ca; THI: 82) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-day periods and 7-day washouts. The concentrations of 94 metabolites were determined in fecal samples, including amino acids, fatty acids, biogenic amines, and vitamins. Relative to the L-ESe group, the H-ESe group increased α-tocopherol by threefold, whereas δ-tocopherol was decreased by 78% ( < 0.01). Nevertheless, correlation analysis between α-tocopherol and all the others fecal metabolites or physiological heat stress measures did not show significant associations. No interactions between main plot and treatments were observed. Relative to TNPF, HS increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), milk somatic cell counts (SCC), respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, fecal tridecylic and myristic acids, vitamin B, and retinol, whereas it decreased fecal amino acids such as histidine, methyl histidine, acetyl ornithine, and arginine ( < 0.05). In contrast, HS+DCa increased fecal methyl histidine concentrations and reduced milk SCC, plasma TNF-α, and LBP, as well as rectal temperatures. Discriminant analysis revealed fecal histidine, taurine, acetyl ornithine, arginine, β-alanine, ornithine, butyric + iso-butyric acid, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, TNF-α, LBP, C-reactive protein, and milk SCC were predictive of HS. Several metabolites were predictive of HS+DCa, although only tryptophan was discriminant relative to HS. In conclusion, both heat stress and the supplementation of vitamin D and Ca can influence the fecal metabolome of dairy cows experiencing heat stress, independently of dietary levels of vitamin E and Se. Our results suggest that some fecal metabolites are well associated with physiological measures of heat stress and may thus provide insights into the gut-level changes taking place under heat stress in dairy cows.
PubMed: 35208216
DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020142 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Dec 2022Fat-soluble vitamins are important efficacy indicators in health foods because they are essential for human physiological functions. The existing method for the...
Fat-soluble vitamins are important efficacy indicators in health foods because they are essential for human physiological functions. The existing method for the simultaneous determination of fat-soluble vitamins has various problems, such as limited determination components, complex sample, pretreatment process, and high requirements for personnel operating ability. Therefore, establishing a fast, simple, and accurate method that can detect various common fat-soluble vitamins at the same time is necessary. In this study, a method for the simultaneous determination of 10 commonly used fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A acetate (VA acetate), vitamin A palmitate (VA palmitate), vitamin E acetate (VE acetate), vitamin K (VK), -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, vitamin D(VD) and vitamin D (VD) in health foods was established by ultra performance convergence chromatography (UPC). First, the contents of about 1.0 g of capsule samples were accurately weighed. A grinder was used to grind tablet samples into powder. The powder mixture was then precisely weighed at 2.0 g. Both substances were placed in 50 mL brown stopper tubes. The test tube was then filled with 20 mL 75% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) aqueous solution for demulsification. The tubes were then sonicated before being extracted with -hexane. The centrifuged supernatant was added to vials for detection. Viridis HSS C18 SB column (100 mm×3.0 mm, 1.8 μm) was applied and CO was used as the mobile phase A. After comparing the influence of acetonitrile, methanol, and their mixture on chromatographic peak separation, acetonitrile-methanol (85∶15, v/v) was used as the mobile phase B. The injection volume was 1 μL. Using simulator software, the optimal chromatographic conditions were obtained after a set of three-factor orthogonal experiments of flow rate, gradient slope, and column temperature. The flow rate and column temperature were both set at 1.9 mL/min and 30 ℃. Furthermore, the maximum absorption wavelength of these 10 fat-soluble vitamins was selected for detection. Ten vitamins were baseline separated after 7 min of gradient elution. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of capsule samples were 0.4-60 μg/g and 2-150 μg/g, respectively, whereas the results for tablet samples were 0.2-30 μg/g and 0.8-75 μg/g. The linear ranges of the 10 fat-soluble vitamins were 0.1-100 μg/mL. The recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 96.5% to 113.9%, with RSD values less than 4%. Precision, stability, and repeatability RSD values were all less than 2%. By comparison, the determination results of this method were basically consistent with the existing national food safety standards. This method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate, and it can meet the detection requirements of the 10 fat-soluble vitamins in health foods. Simultaneously, this method lays the foundation for the rapid and simultaneous detection of fat-soluble vitamins in existing health foods.
Topics: Humans; Powders; Methanol; Vitamins; Chromatography; Acetonitriles; Vitamin D; Acetates
PubMed: 36450354
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2022.02010 -
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Jan 2022Results from observational studies suggest high diet quality favorably influences the human gut microbiome. Fruit and vegetable consumption is often a key contributor to...
BACKGROUND
Results from observational studies suggest high diet quality favorably influences the human gut microbiome. Fruit and vegetable consumption is often a key contributor to high diet quality.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate measures of gut bacterial diversity and abundance in relation to serum biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake.
DESIGN
Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
Men and women from Los Angeles, CA, and Hawai'i who participated in the Multiethnic Cohort-Adiposity Phenotype Study from 2013 to 2016 (N = 1,709).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Gut microbiome diversity and composition in relation to dietary biomarkers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Carotenoid (beta carotene, alpha carotene, cryptoxanthins, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin), tocopherol (α, β + γ, and δ), and retinol concentrations were assessed in serum. The α and β diversity and composition of the gut microbiome were classified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial DNA from self-collected fecal samples. Global differences in microbial community profiles in relation dietary biomarkers were evaluated using multivariable permutational analysis of variance. Associations of α diversity (Shannon index), β diversity (weighted and unweighted UniFrac) with center log-ratio-transformed phyla and genera abundances were evaluated using linear regression, adjusted for covariates.
RESULTS
Increasing total carotenoid, beta carotene, alpha carotene, cryptoxanthin, and lycopene concentrations were associated with higher gut bacterial diversity (Shannon Index) (P < 0.001). Total tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol concentrations contributed significantly to more than 1% of the microbiome variation in gut bacterial community: total tocopherol: 1.74%; α-tocopherol: 1.70%; and δ-tocopherol: 1.16% (P < 0.001). Higher total carotenoid was associated with greater abundance of some genera relevant for microbial macronutrient metabolism (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Objective biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake, particularly carotenoids, were favorably associated with gut bacterial composition and diversity in this multiethnic population. These observations provide supportive evidence that fruit and vegetable intake is related to gut bacterial composition; more work is needed to elucidate how this influences host health.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Carotenoids; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Ethnicity; Female; Fruit; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hawaii; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Middle Aged; Tocopherols; Vegetables; Vitamin A
PubMed: 34226163
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.023 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022The study was designed to analyze and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Thymus pulegioides L. grown in Western Romania....
The study was designed to analyze and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Thymus pulegioides L. grown in Western Romania. Thymus pulegioides L. essential oil (TPEO) was extracted by steam distillation (0.71% v/w) using a Craveiro-type apparatus. GC-MS investigation of the TPEO identified 39 different compounds, representing 98.46% of total oil. Findings revealed that thymol (22.89%) is the main compound of TPEO, followed by para-cymene (14.57%), thymol methyl ether (11.19%), isothymol methyl ether (10.45%), and beta-bisabolene (9.53%). The oil exhibits good antibacterial effects; C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus were the most sensitive strains. The antioxidant activity of TPEO was evaluated by peroxide and thiobarbituric acid value, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), [2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium] (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching testing. The antioxidative data recorded reveal, for the first time, that TPEO inhibits primary and secondary oxidation products, in some particular conditions, better than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) with significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). Moreover, TPEO antioxidant capabilities in DPPH and ABTS assays outperformed alpha-tocopherol (p < 0.001) and delta-tocopherol (p < 0.001). Molecular docking analysis revealed that one potential target correlated with the TPEO antimicrobial activity was d-alanine-d-alanine ligase (DDl). The best scoring ligand, linalyl anthranilate, shared highly similar binding patterns with the DDl native inhibitor. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis also showed that the main constituents of TPEO are good candidates for xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibition, making the essential oil a valuable source for protein-targeted antioxidant compounds. Consequently, TPEO may represent a new potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents with applicability in the food and pharmaceutic industries.
PubMed: 36552681
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122472 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021leaves have been traditionally used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat certain cancerous illness. This study explored the metabolomic profile of this...
leaves have been traditionally used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat certain cancerous illness. This study explored the metabolomic profile of this species using untargeted technique. Likewise, it determined the cytotoxic activity and interpreted all data by computational tools. The metabolomic profile was developed through UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS for dereplication purposes. MetaboAnalyst database was used in metabolic pathway analysis and the network topological analysis. Hexane, chloroform/methanol, and aqueous extracts were evaluated on HepG2, Hep3B, HeLa, PC3, A549, and MCF7 cancer cell lines and IHH immortalized hepatic cells, using Cell Titer proliferation assay kit. Hexane extract was the most active against Hep3B (IC = 27 ± 3 μg/mL), while CHCl/MeOH extract was the most selective (SI = 2.77) on the same cell line. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed similar profiles between the extracts, while a Venn diagram revealed 80 coincident metabolites between the bioactive extracts. The sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway was the most significant identified. The Network Pharmacology (NP) approach revealed several targets for presqualene diphosphate, phytol, stearic acid, -tocopherol, ursolic acid and -linolenic acid, involved in cellular processes such as apoptosis. This work highlights the integration of untargeted metabolomic profile and cytotoxic activity to explore plant extracts, and the NP approach to interpreting the experimental results.
PubMed: 34371592
DOI: 10.3390/plants10071389 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021The purpose of this study was to determine if different vitamin E components exhibit similar efficacy and mechanism of action in protecting Retinal pigment epithelium...
The purpose of this study was to determine if different vitamin E components exhibit similar efficacy and mechanism of action in protecting Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from oxidative damage. We hypothesized that α-tocopherol (αT) is unique among vitamin E components in its cytoprotective mechanism of action against oxidative stress in RPE cells and that it requires protein synthesis for optimal antioxidant effect. We used cell viability assays, fluorescent chemical labeling of DNA and actin and immuno-labeling of the antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and Sod2 and of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, and confocal microscopy to determine the effects of αT and γT against oxidative stress in immortalized human RPE cells (hTERT-RPE). Using the four main vitamin E components, αT, γT, δ-tocopherol (δT) and α-tocotrienol (αTr), we ascertained that they exhibit similar, but not identical, antioxidant activity as αT when used at equimolar concentrations. In addition, we determined that the exposure time of RPE cells to α-tocopherol is critical for its ability to protect against oxidative damage. Lastly, we determined that αT, but not γT, partially requires the synthesis of new proteins within a 24-h period and prior to exposure to tBHP for optimal cytoprotection. We conclude that, unlike γT and δT, αT appears to be unique in its requirement for transport and/or signaling for it to be an effective antioxidant. As a result, more focus should be paid to which vitamin E components are used for antioxidant interventions.
PubMed: 35058783
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798938 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2020It remains unknown how different glucose tolerance status affects the relationships between dietary intake of different tocopherol isoforms (-, -, -, and -tocopherol)...
Potential Protective Effect of Dietary Intake of Non--Tocopherols on Cellular Aging Markers Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor- in Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Chinese Adults.
It remains unknown how different glucose tolerance status affects the relationships between dietary intake of different tocopherol isoforms (-, -, -, and -tocopherol) and cellular aging, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study among 582 Chinese adults with different glucose tolerance status to explore the association between dietary intake of different tocopherol isoforms and cellular aging, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The inverse correlations between non--tocopherols and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) varied substantially across different glucose tolerance status, with the strongest observed in prediabetes ( = -0.33 for -/-tocopherol, = -0.37 for -tocopherol, < 0.01), followed by normal glucose tolerance (NGT). While such correlations were abolished in established diabetes. Furthermore, within prediabetes, the strongest inverse correlations between non--tocopherols and TNF- were observed in impaired fasting glucose (IFG) ( = -0.42 for -/-tocopherol, = -0.55 for -tocopherol, < 0.01), while such correlations were significantly attenuated in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IFG+IGT. And mediation model analysis displayed that TNF- mediated the protective effect of non--tocopherols on leukocyte telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number, which was uniquely observed in prediabetes, while such mediation effect was statistically nonsignificant in NGT and established diabetes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that dietary intake of non--tocopherols might protect against cellular aging markers mediated by TNF- in prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes, especially for IFG, might benefit from increasing dietary intake of non--tocopherol in alleviating inflammation and cellular aging, which might provide a new dietary avenue for delaying diabetes onset.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cellular Senescence; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA Copy Number Variations; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Middle Aged; Prediabetic State; Tocopherols; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult
PubMed: 32509152
DOI: 10.1155/2020/7396801 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in...
Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in seed tocopherol composition of soybeans from different origins, 493 soybean accessions from different countries (China, USA, Japan, and Russia) belonging to 7 maturity groups (MG 0-VI) were grown in 2 locations (Beijing and Hainan Provinces of China) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The results showed that significant differences ( < 0.001) were observed among the accessions and origins for individual and total tocopherol contents. The total tocopherol content ranged from 118.92 μg g to 344.02 μg g. Accessions from the USA had the highest average concentration of γ- and total tocopherols (152.92 and 238.21 μg g, respectively), whereas a higher level of α-tocopherol (12.82 μg g) was observed in the Russian accessions. The maturity group of the accession significantly ( < 0.001) influenced all tocopherol components, and higher levels of α-, γ-, and total tocopherols were observed in early maturing accessions, while late-maturing accessions exhibited higher levels of δ-tocopherol. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.
PubMed: 35050094
DOI: 10.3390/plants11020206