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Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Nov 2022Osteoporosis, a disease classically attributed to postmenopausal women, is underappreciated, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in men. However, it is not uncommon for... (Review)
Review
Osteoporosis, a disease classically attributed to postmenopausal women, is underappreciated, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in men. However, it is not uncommon for osteoporotic fractures to occur in men. About 40% of fractures occur in men with an incidence that has increased over the years. After a first fracture, the risk of a subsequent episode, as well as the risk of death, is higher in the male than in the female population. Despite these facts, only 10% of men with osteoporosis receive adequate treatment. Up to half of the cases of male osteoporosis have a secondary cause, the most common being hypogonadism, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic use of glucocorticoids. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) recommends using the female database for the diagnosis of osteoporosis by DXA (T-score ≤ -2.5 in men over 50 years old). In addition, osteoporosis can also be diagnosed independently of the BMD if a fragility fracture is present, or if there is a high risk of fractures by FRAX. Treatment is similar to postmenopausal osteoporosis, because the data regarding changes in bone density track closely to those in women. Data concerning fracture risk reduction are not as certain because the clinical trials have included fewer subjects for shorter period of time. In men with symptomatic hypogonadism, testosterone replacement, if indicated, can improve BMD.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Osteoporotic Fractures; Bone Density; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Hypogonadism; Risk Factors; Risk Assessment; Absorptiometry, Photon
PubMed: 36382763
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000563 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022The negative effects of obesity on the cardiovascular health have drawn much attention. Weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) has been proved to reflect weight-independent...
The negative effects of obesity on the cardiovascular health have drawn much attention. Weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) has been proved to reflect weight-independent centripetal obesity. However, the association between WWI and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) has not been reported before. Using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014, we aimed to determine the relationship of WWI and AAC in adults aged ≥ 40 years. WWI was determined by dividing waist circumference by the square root of weight. AAC was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantified by Kauppila scores. Severe AAC (SAAC) was defined as an AAC score > 6. We utilized weighed multivariable logistic regression and generalized additive model to explore the independent association between WWI and AAC. Threshold effects were further calculated by two-piecewise linear regression model. 3082 participants were enrolled in our analysis, of which 48.2% were male. WWI was positively associated with AAC scores (β = 0.34, 95% CI 0.05-0.63) and exhibited a nonlinear relationship with SAAC. On the left of the breakpoint (WWI = 11.11), WWI and SAAC were positively associated (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.40-5.84), while no such relationship was found on the right (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.77-1.48). Our findings indicated that WWI may serve as a simple biomarker of AAC in US adults aged ≥ 40 years.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Female; Nutrition Surveys; Aorta, Abdominal; Absorptiometry, Photon; Waist Circumference; Obesity
PubMed: 36437292
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24756-8 -
Nutrients Mar 2021Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often... (Review)
Review
Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors' experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion 'come back skinfolds, all is forgiven'.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Athletes; Body Composition; Densitometry; Electric Impedance; Humans; Plethysmography; Reproducibility of Results; Skinfold Thickness; Spectrum Analysis; Sports; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33806245
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041075 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body's external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to... (Review)
Review
Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body's external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to a number of limitations of conventional manual techniques for the collection of body measurements, advanced systems using three-dimensional (3D) scanners are currently being employed, despite being a relatively new technique. A systematic review was carried out using Pubmed, Medline and the Cochrane Library to assess whether 3D scanners offer reproducible, reliable and accurate data with respect to anthropometrics. Although significant differences were found, 3D measurements correlated strongly with measurements made by conventional anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), among others. In most studies (61.1%), 3D scanners were more accurate than these other techniques; in fact, these scanners presented excellent accuracy or reliability. 3D scanners allow automated, quick and easy measurements of different body tissues. Moreover, they seem to provide reproducible, reliable and accurate data that correlate well with the other techniques used.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Humans; Plethysmography; Reproducibility of Results; Somatotypes
PubMed: 34201258
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126213 -
Nutrients Apr 2022The historical 1975 Reference Man is a ‘model’ that had been used as a basis for the calculation of radiation doses, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sizes for organ... (Review)
Review
The historical 1975 Reference Man is a ‘model’ that had been used as a basis for the calculation of radiation doses, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sizes for organ transplantation and ergonomic optimizations in the industry, e.g., to plan dimensions of seats and other formats. The 1975 Reference Man was not an average individual of a population; it was based on the multiple characteristics of body compositions that at that time were available, i.e., mainly from autopsy data. Faced with recent technological advances, new mathematical models and socio-demographic changes within populations characterized by an increase in elderly and overweight subjects a timely ‘state-of-the-art’ 2021 Reference Body are needed. To perform this, in vivo human body composition data bases in Kiel, Baton Rouge, San Francisco and Honolulu were analyzed and detailed 2021 Reference Bodies, and they were built for both sexes and two age groups (≤40 yrs and >40 yrs) at BMIs of 20, 25, 30 and 40 kg/m2. We have taken an integrative approach to address ‘structure−structure’ and ‘structure−function’ relationships at the whole-body level using in depth body composition analyses as assessed by gold standard methods, i.e., whole body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the 4-compartment (4C-) model (based on deuterium dilution, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body densitometry). In addition, data obtained by a three-dimensional optical scanner were used to assess body shape. The future applications of the 2021 Reference Body relate to mathematical modeling to address complex metabolic processes and pharmacokinetics using a multi-level/multi-scale approach defining health within the contexts of neurohumoral and metabolic control.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Aged; Body Composition; Body Water; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Whole Body Imaging
PubMed: 35406138
DOI: 10.3390/nu14071526 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International May 2020
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Digestive System Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 32657752
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0362b -
BMC Endocrine Disorders Aug 2023The weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) is a novel obesity indicator that offers improved accuracy in assessing both muscle and fat mass compared to...
BACKGROUND
The weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) is a novel obesity indicator that offers improved accuracy in assessing both muscle and fat mass compared to traditional measures. This study aimed to investigate the association between WWI and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults.
METHODS
Weighted multivariate logistic regression, subgroup analysis, interaction tests and restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were used to explore the relationship between WWI and BMD based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
RESULTS
This study had 40,568 individuals in total. At all four measurement sites, we detected a negative linear correlation between WWI and BMD. Even when quartile factors for WWI were created, this unfavorable connection maintained. In comparison to those in the lowest quartile, those in the highest percentile of WWI showed declines in lumbar BMD of 0.08 g/cm and femoral neck BMD of 0.03 g/cm, respectively. This adverse correlation, nevertheless, differed among several categories.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest an adverse correlation between WWI and BMD among US adults. Employing WWI as a tool for osteoporosis prevention in the general population may enhance interventions.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bone Density; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Waist Circumference; Absorptiometry, Photon
PubMed: 37537589
DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01418-y -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Nov 2022Trabecular bone score (TBS) is an indirect and noninvasive measure of bone quality. A low TBS indicates degraded bone microarchitecture, predicts osteoporotic fracture,... (Review)
Review
Trabecular bone score (TBS) is an indirect and noninvasive measure of bone quality. A low TBS indicates degraded bone microarchitecture, predicts osteoporotic fracture, and is partially independent of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD). There is substantial evidence supporting the use of TBS to assess vertebral, hip, and major osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women, as well as to assess hip and major osteoporotic fracture risk in men aged > 50 years. TBS complements BMD information and can be used to adjust the FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment) score to improve risk stratification. While TBS should not be used to monitor antiresorptive therapy, it may be potentially useful for monitoring anabolic therapy. There is also a growing body of evidence indicating that TBS is particularly useful as an adjunct to BMD for fracture risk assessment in conditions associated with increased fracture risk, such as type-2 diabetes, chronic corticosteroid excess, and other conditions wherein BMD readings are often misleading. The interference of abdominal soft tissue thickness (STT) on TBS should also be considered when interpreting these findings because image noise can impact TBS evaluation. A new TBS software version based on an algorithm that accounts for STT rather than BMI seems to correct this technical limitation and is under development. In this paper, we review the current state of TBS, its technical aspects, and its evolving role in the assessment and management of several clinical conditions.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Cancellous Bone; Osteoporotic Fractures; Absorptiometry, Photon; Risk Assessment; Bone Density; Lumbar Vertebrae
PubMed: 36382759
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000559 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Sep 2022In subjects older than 50 years, the presence of clinical risk factors (CRFs) for fractures or a recent fracture is the cornerstone for case finding. In patients who are... (Review)
Review
In subjects older than 50 years, the presence of clinical risk factors (CRFs) for fractures or a recent fracture is the cornerstone for case finding. In patients who are clinically at high short- and long-term risk of fractures (those with a recent clinical fracture or with multiple CRFs), further assessment with bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), imaging of the spine, fall risk evaluation and laboratory examination contributes to treatment decisions according to the height and modifiability of fracture risk. Treatment is available with anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs, and from the start of treatment a lifelong strategy is needed to decide about continuous, intermittent, and sequential therapy. Implementation of guidelines requires further initiatives for improving case finding, public awareness about osteoporosis and national policies on reimbursement of assessment and therapy.
Topics: Humans; Osteoporotic Fractures; Absorptiometry, Photon; Spinal Fractures; Bone Density; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 35729036
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2022.101759 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Aug 2021Older adults spend more than 8 h/day in sedentary behaviours. Detrimental effects of sedentary behaviour (SB) on health are established, yet little is known about SB and... (Review)
Review
Older adults spend more than 8 h/day in sedentary behaviours. Detrimental effects of sedentary behaviour (SB) on health are established, yet little is known about SB and bone health (bone mineral density; BMD) in older adults. The purpose of this review is to examine associations of SB with BMD in older adults. Five electronic databases were searched: Web of Science (Core Collection); PubMed; EMBASE; Sports Medicine and Education and PsycInfo. Inclusion criteria were healthy older adults mean age ≥ 65 years; measured SB and measured BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quality was assessed using National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. After excluding duplicates 17813 papers were assessed; 17757 were excluded on title/abstract, 49 at full text, resulting in two prospective and five cross-sectional observational studies reviewed. Four were rated 'good' and three were rated 'fair' using the quality assessment criteria. Findings varied across the studies and differed by gender. In women, four studies reported significant positive associations of SB with BMD at different sites, and two found significant negative associations. Five studies which examined both men and women, men reported negative or no associations of SB with femoral neck, pelvic, whole body, spine or leg BMD. Whilst these findings suggest differences between men and women in the associations of SB with BMD, they may be due to the varying anatomical sections examined for BMD, the different methods used to measure SB, the varied quality of the studies included and the limited number of published findings.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Aged; Bone Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Femur Neck; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Sedentary Behavior
PubMed: 33768342
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05918-2