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BMC Microbiology Nov 2021Antimicrobial agents are considered valuable adjuncts to mechanical methods of plaque control. However, their long-term use can be limited because of side effects.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial agents are considered valuable adjuncts to mechanical methods of plaque control. However, their long-term use can be limited because of side effects. Therefore, using physiological substances is promising due to no risk of development, for example, of microbial resistances, allergies or DNA damaging. The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system (LPO-system) is a highly effective antimicrobial system. This study aimed to evaluate in a randomized study with a four-replicate cross-over design the effectiveness of two oral hygiene lozenges containing LPO-system in oral hygiene.
RESULTS
After using the mouth rinse as positive control (A) and allocated test lozenges (B) (0.083% HO) & (C) (0.04% HO) for 4 days instead of the normal oral hygiene procedures (tooth brushing etc.), Listerine rinse (A) was statistically significantly more effective than the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.083% HO, the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.04% HO, and the placebo lozenge (D) in inhibiting plaque. Lozenges B and C were statistically significantly more effective than the placebo lozenge, but no statistically significant differences could be observed between them. The LPO-system-lozenge (B) reduced statistically significantly more S. mutans than the LPO-system-lozenge with (C) and the placebo lozenge (D). The LPO-system-lozenge (C) reduced statistically significantly more Lactobacilli than Listerine (A), the LPO-system-lozenge (B) and the placebo lozenge (D). There were no statistically significant differences in the total CFUs between Listerine rinse, the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.083% HO (B), the LPO-system-lozenge with 0.04% HO (C), and the placebo lozenge (D). On day 5 there were no differences of the OSCN-values between all A, B, C, and D. However, the SCN-values increased over the days in both LPO-system-lozenges (B/C). The statistically significant differences between B/C and A/D on day 5 were as followed: A to B p = 0.0268; A to C p = 0.0035; B to D p = 0.0051; C to D p = 0.0007. Only in the group of Listerine (A) increased the NO/NO-quotient over the test time, which indicates a reduction of nitrate-reducing bacteria. On Day 5 the statistically significant difference between A and B was p = 0.0123.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that lozenges containing a complete LPO-system, inhibiting plaque regrowth and reducing cariogenic bacteria, may be used in the daily oral hygiene.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lactoperoxidase; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Saliva
PubMed: 34732139
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02333-9 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Nov 2021The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR).
METHODS
Subjects with gingivitis underwent a session of PMPR and were randomly assigned to sonic (SB) or manual brushing (MB). Oral hygiene instructions were provided at baseline (BL), 2 (T0a), 4 (T0b) and 6 weeks (T1) and 6 months (T2). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were measured at BL, T1 and T2. The proportion of sites with PI, GI and BoP was modelled at site level using a negative binomial regression fitted via generalized linear mixed model accounting for intra-patient correlation.
RESULTS
Thirty-two subjects were selected, 16 assigned to each group and 31 completed the study. PI, BoP and GI were comparable at BL. At T1, PI was successfully maintained at 6.21% for SB and 22.81% for MB, while at T2 reached 11.34% for SB and 28% for MB, favouring the SB group (p < 0.001). GI and BoP were significantly lower in the SB group at T1, with a BoP reduction for SB about 3 times higher than MB (p < 0.001). These parameters then levelled at T2 between the groups, with BOP reaching 0.14% versus 0.05% (p = 0.356) and GI 1.75% versus 3.52% (p = 0.020).
CONCLUSION
Sonic brushing seemed to maintain a lower PI score compared to a manual brush at 6 months. BoP and GI resulted comparable.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Gingivitis; Humans; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 34328264
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12541 -
Rapid Communications in Mass... Jun 2022Dental calculus (mineralised dental plaque) is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite. We hypothesise that the carbonate component of dental calculus will reflect the...
RATIONALE
Dental calculus (mineralised dental plaque) is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite. We hypothesise that the carbonate component of dental calculus will reflect the isotopic composition of ingested simple carbohydrates. Therefore, dental calculus carbonates may be an indicator for sugar consumption, and an alternative to bone carbonate in isotopic palaeodiet studies.
METHODS
We utilised Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance analysis to characterise the composition and crystallisation of bone and dental calculus before isotope analysis of carbonate. Using a Sercon 20-22 mass spectrometer coupled with a Sercon GSL sample preparation system and an IsoPrime 100 dual inlet mass spectrometer plus Multiprep device to measure carbon, we tested the potential of dental calculus carbonate to identify C resources in diet through analysis of δ C values in paired bone, calculus and teeth mineral samples.
RESULTS
The modern population shows higher δ C values in all three tissue carbonates compared to both archaeological populations. Clear differences in dental calculus δ C values are observed between the modern and archaeological individuals suggesting potential for utilising dental calculus in isotope palaeodiet studies. The offset between dental calculus and either bone or enamel carbonate δ C values is large and consistent in direction, with no consistent offset between the δ C values for the three tissues per individual.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support dental calculus carbonate as a new biomaterial to identify C sugar through isotope analysis. Greater carbon fractionation in the mouth is likely due to the complex formation of dental calculus as a mineralized biofilm, which results in consistently high δ C values compared to bone and enamel.
Topics: Carbon; Carbon Isotopes; Carbonates; Dental Calculus; Dietary Sugars; Humans; Isotopes; Sugars
PubMed: 35261104
DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9286 -
Genomic ancestry, diet and microbiomes of Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from San Teodoro cave.Communications Biology Nov 2022Recent improvements in the analysis of ancient biomolecules from human remains and associated dental calculus have provided new insights into the prehistoric diet and...
Recent improvements in the analysis of ancient biomolecules from human remains and associated dental calculus have provided new insights into the prehistoric diet and genetic diversity of our species. Here we present a multi-omics study, integrating metagenomic and proteomic analyses of dental calculus, and human ancient DNA analysis of the petrous bones of two post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) individuals from San Teodoro cave (Italy), to reconstruct their lifestyle and the post-LGM resettlement of Europe. Our analyses show genetic homogeneity in Sicily during the Palaeolithic, representing a hitherto unknown Italian genetic lineage within the previously identified Villabruna cluster. We argue that this lineage took refuge in Italy during the LGM, followed by a subsequent spread to central-western Europe. Analysis of dental calculus showed a diet rich in animal proteins which is also reflected on the oral microbiome composition. Our results demonstrate the power of this approach in the study of prehistoric humans and will enable future research to reach a more holistic understanding of the population dynamics and ecology.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Proteomics; Dental Calculus; Diet; Genomics; Microbiota
PubMed: 36400919
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04190-2 -
BMC Oral Health Jun 2021Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health...
BACKGROUND
Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in children and adolescents, being strongly associated to some socioeconomic factors and oral health behaviours. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gingivitis and its association with socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours in children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong, Southern China.
METHODS
A total of 7680 children were sampled using an equal-sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling method and clinically examined between December 2015 and April 2016. A questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviours related to gingivitis was completed by each of the selected children. Gingival bleeding was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index probe, and children with a gingival bleeding positive score ≥ 10% were defined as having gingivitis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between socio-demographic factors and gingivitis. All statistical tests were performed at a two-sided significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS
The weighted prevalence of gingivitis among 12-15-year-old children was 29.6%, with 22.6% having localised gingivitis and 7.0% having generalised gingivitis. Age differences were observed in the prevalence of gingivitis, whereas urban-rural differences were not. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis results, factors such as increasing age, being the only child, lack of regular annual dental check-up, and heavy dental calculus were significantly associated with higher prevalence of gingivitis. In addition, the association of gingivitis with these factors was inconsistent among the urban and rural areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental calculus and oral health behaviour were found to be important factors for maintaining the gingival health of children aged 12-15 years in Guangdong. Maintaining gingival health in children requires promoting positive oral health behaviours and regular dental prophylaxis.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Oral Health; Prevalence
PubMed: 34134691
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1 -
The Angle Orthodontist May 2022To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated stainless steel brackets activated with natural visible light and dental operating lights on...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated stainless steel brackets activated with natural visible light and dental operating lights on Streptococcus mutans concentration in the plaque of orthodontic patients at 30 and 60 days.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 30 patients were recruited for this split-mouth study; 60 upper lateral incisor brackets constituted the study sample. A total of 30 brackets (15 right and 15 left) were coated with N-doped TiO2 using the (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering method. Plaque samples were collected at 30 days and 60 days after appliance placement. S mutans concentration was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
At both time intervals, the concentration of S mutans in the control group was greater than that in the study group (P = .005). In both the study and the control groups, the S mutans concentrations significantly increased from 30 to 60 days (P = .005).
CONCLUSIONS
N-doped TiO2, on exposure to natural visible light and dental operating light, was effective in reducing the plaque concentration of S mutans in orthodontic patients. The efficacy was better at 30 days than at 60 days after placing the orthodontic appliances.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Humans; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; Orthodontic Brackets; Stainless Steel; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 35072710
DOI: 10.2319/062521-510.1 -
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College Mar 2020Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the...
Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the effects of such instruments. Few studies have investigated their relationship with regions of residual plaque, however. The purpose of this study was to compare rates of plaque removal from the mesial and distal surfaces of the bilateral maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars among 3 types of interdental instrument: finger-winding-dental floss, holder-type dental floss, and an interdental brush. Prior to the experiment, the artificial teeth in a jaw model were removed for application of artificial plaque. The teeth were then replaced and the model attached to a phantom. An operator brushed the teeth in a posture close to that adopted in actual tooth brushing with each type of instrument, after which the plaque removal rate was compared among them. The rate of plaque removal using finger-winding floss was the highest, although this type of instrument is less easy to hold than the others. The rate with a handle-equipped interdental instrument showed a decrease in some regions, although it is easy to hold. The results of this study suggest that the type of interdental instrument used should differ depending on the region to be cleaned.
Topics: Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Molar; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 32074586
DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0005 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Nov 2020Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers high spatial resolution and contrast for imaging intraoral structures, yet few studies have investigated its clinical...
SIGNIFICANCE
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers high spatial resolution and contrast for imaging intraoral structures, yet few studies have investigated its clinical feasibility for dental plaque and gingiva imaging in vivo. Furthermore, the accessibility is often limited to anterior teeth due to bulky imaging systems and probes.
AIM
A custom-designed, handheld probe-based, spectral-domain OCT system with an interchangeable attachment was developed to assess dental plaque and gingival health in a clinical setting.
APPROACH
Healthy volunteers and subjects with gingivitis and sufficient plaque were recruited. The handheld OCT system was operated by trained dental hygienists to acquire images of dental plaque and gingiva at various locations and after one-week use of oral hygiene products.
RESULTS
The handheld OCT can access premolars, first molars, and lingual sides of teeth to visualize the plaque distribution. OCT intensity-based texture analysis revealed lower intensity from selected sites in subjects with gingivitis. The distribution of the dental plaque after one-week use of the oral hygiene products was compared, showing the capability of OCT as a longitudinal tracking tool.
CONCLUSIONS
OCT has a strong potential to display and assess dental plaque and gingiva in a clinical setting. Meanwhile, technological challenges remain to perform systematic longitudinal tracking and comparative analyses.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Molar; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33244918
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.11.116011 -
International Endodontic Journal May 2022The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a non-instrumentation technique to disinfect root canals infected by a human dental plaque-derived multispecies...
AIM
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a non-instrumentation technique to disinfect root canals infected by a human dental plaque-derived multispecies biofilm.
METHODOLOGY
Twenty-two mandibular incisors were accessed, autoclaved and inoculated with dental plaque. The Center for Disease Control biofilm reactor was used to promote contamination of the root canal space. In the conventional technique (control), the specimens were instrumented until size 35/04 and irrigated with 6% NaOCl. In the non-instrumentation technique, a glide path was established using K-files size 10-20 and specimens were immediately cleaned with the GentleWave System. Samples were obtained for culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Differences in abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test, and differences in alpha diversity were compared using anova. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated using mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was used to measure beta diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated using analysis of similarity with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS
The total numbers of reads in biological samples ranged from 126 to 45 286. Significantly fewer reads were obtained from samples following cleaning by either method (p < .0001), and significantly fewer reads were obtained in post-cleaning samples following conventional versus non-instrumentation cleaning regiment (p = .002). Communities in pre-treatment samples were similar in both groups; however, significantly greater relative abundances of Streptococcus, Veillonella and Campylobacter were observed following cleaning using non-instrumentation technique (Kruskal-Wallis p = .009, .033, and .001, respectively). Whilst no significant differences were observed in Shannon alpha diversity, the Chao1 index was significantly lower in post-cleaning samples.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant shifts in composition were observed following cleaning by using both regimens, but the impact of this change was greater following a conventional cleaning technique.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation
PubMed: 35152445
DOI: 10.1111/iej.13706 -
BMC Oral Health Feb 2021None of the past studies that had showed a linked between oral and mental health among adolescents was conducted in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to determine...
OBJECTIVE
None of the past studies that had showed a linked between oral and mental health among adolescents was conducted in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to determine the association between gingivitis and depression among adolescents in Ile-Ife, South-West Nigeria.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study collected data through a household survey conducted between December 2018 and January 2019. Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years old were identified using multistage sampling. The study outcome measure was gingivitis, measured by the Löe and Silness gingival index. The explanatory variable was depression, measured by the Patient Health Questionnair. Confounders considered were age, sex, socioeconomic status, frequency of daily tooth brushing, oral hygiene status (measured by the plaque index), consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between meals, use of dental floss, and history of dental service utilization in the past 12 months. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine risk indicators for moderate/severe gingivitis. Additionally, modification of associations between dependent variables and the significant risk indicators of depression was assessed.
RESULTS
Mean plaque index for the 1,087 adolescent participants enrolled in the study was 0.80. We found a prevalence of 8.5% for moderate/severe gingivitis and 7.9% for depression. In adjusted regression, there were significant associations between the presence of moderate/severe gingivitis and consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between meals (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.14, 3.28) and plaque index (OR 16.56, 95% CI 10.03, 27.33). Depression also significantly modified the association between plaque index and the presence of moderate/severe gingivitis (P < 0.0001), with a stronger association observed with mild depression (OR 24.75, 95% CI 3.33, 184.00) compared with no depression (OR 15.47, 95% CI 9.31, 25.69), with no significant modification for the association with frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates (P = 0.06).
CONCLUSION
Although there was no significant association between gingivitis and depression among our adolescent Nigerian cohort, depression significantly modified the association between plaque index score and moderate/severe gingivitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Depression; Gingivitis; Humans; Infant; Nigeria; Young Adult
PubMed: 33557820
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01421-6