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Environmental Science & Technology Oct 2023-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-'-phenyl--phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The...
-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-'-phenyl--phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity in some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret the species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ in the zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h of exposure, 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ accumulated in the ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 to 2500 for 6-PPD and 70 to 220 for 6-PPDQ. A total of 22 TPs of 6-PPD and 12 TPs of 6-PPDQ were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. After 96 h of exposure to 6-PPD, the TPs of 6-PPD comprised 47% of the total peak area (TPA), with 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being the most prominent in the ZFE. Upon 6-PPDQ exposure, >95% of 6-PPDQ taken up in the ZFE was biotransformed, with 6-PPDQ + O + glucuronide dominating (>80% of the TPA). Among other TPs of 6-PPD, a reactive -phenyl--benzoquinone imine was found. The knowledge of TPs of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ from this study may support biotransformation studies in other organisms.
Topics: Animals; Biotransformation; Chromatography, Liquid; Rubber; Zebrafish; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Toxicokinetics; Phenylenediamines; Benzoquinones
PubMed: 37782849
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02819 -
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Thymoquinone is a popular health-promoting antioxidant supplement, but it may induce toxicity to cells and organs because of its propensity to promote oxidation of...
Thymoquinone is a popular health-promoting antioxidant supplement, but it may induce toxicity to cells and organs because of its propensity to promote oxidation of biomolecules under some conditions. Furthermore, as hydroquinones have been found to exhibit more potent antioxidant and prooxidant activities than their parent quinones, the reduced metabolite thymohydroquinone may have stronger effects than thymoquinone. In this study, the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone were assessed to determine whether they both act as antioxidants and induce oxidative damage to biomolecules as do other quinones. Using ESR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that thymohydroquinone exhibits more potent antioxidant activity than does thymoquinone. In addition, thymohydroquinone was found to act as a prooxidant to induce oxidative damage of isolated plasmid DNA in the presence of free Cu or Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Interestingly, the prooxidant effect of thymohydroquinone in the presence of Fe was not observed in the absence of EDTA. Thymohydroquinone thus was demonstrated to have two biologically relevant activities: as an antioxidant and a prooxidant.
Topics: Antioxidants; Benzoquinones; Copper; Edetic Acid; Hydroquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36047210
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00199 -
American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy Nov 2023COVID-19 has been associated with olfactory dysfunction in many infected patients. The rise of calcium levels in the nasal secretions plays an essential role in the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 has been associated with olfactory dysfunction in many infected patients. The rise of calcium levels in the nasal secretions plays an essential role in the olfaction process with a desensitization effect on the olfactory receptor neurons and a negative impact on the olfaction transmission. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that can bind free calcium in the nasal secretions, thereby reducing the adverse effects of calcium on olfactory function.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this work is to demonstrate the effect of intranasal EDTA on improving olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19.
METHODS
Fifty patients with a history of COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction that persisted for more than 6 months were enrolled in the current prospective randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into 2 equal groups. Twenty-five patients were treated with olfactory training only, while the remaining 25 patients received treatment with olfactory training and a topical nasal spray of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. The olfactory function was assessed before treatment and 3 months later using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Additionally, the determination of calcium level in the nasal secretions was performed using an ion-selective electrode before treatment and 3 months later.
RESULTS
Eighty-eight percent of the patients treated with olfactory training in addition to EDTA exhibited clinical improvement, while 60% showed improvement in patients treated with olfactory training only. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the measured calcium level in the nasal secretions was demonstrated after the use of ethylene diamine tetra compared to patients treated with olfactory training only.
CONCLUSION
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid may be associated with an improvement of the olfactory function post-COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; Smell; Olfaction Disorders; Acetic Acid; Calcium; Edetic Acid; COVID-19; Ethylenes
PubMed: 37786364
DOI: 10.1177/19458924231184055 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022Monitoring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is important because NADH is involved in cellular redox reactions and cellular energy production. Currently, few...
Monitoring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is important because NADH is involved in cellular redox reactions and cellular energy production. Currently, few biosensors quantify NADH in whole blood. However, they still have limitations due to several defects, including poor repeatability, long analysis time, and their requirement of extra sample pretreatment. In this study, we developed electrocatalytic sensors using screen-printed electrodes with a redox-active monolayer 4'-mercapto-N-phenylquinone diamine formed by a self-assembled monolayer of a 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). We exhibited their behavior as electrocatalysts toward the oxidation of NADH in whole blood. Finally, the electrocatalytic sensors maintained stability and exhibited 3.5 µM limit of detection, with 0.0076 ± 0.0006 µM/µA sensitivity in a mouse's whole blood. As proof of concept, a polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate-treated mouse model was used to induce inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and NADH level was measured for 45 days. This work demonstrates the potential of electrocatalytic sensors to analyze NADH in whole blood and to be developed for extensive applications.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Diamines; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Mice; NAD; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 36202932
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20995-x -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer during root canal... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer during root canal instrumentation. The research question in the present study was to assess: "Is there a significant difference in reducing smear layer comparing EDTA and herbal agents?" Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from their start dates to April 2022 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and reviewed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines. Only in vitro studies comparing herbal agents with EDTA were included in the current systematic review. Two reviewers independently assessed the included articles. A total of 625 articles were obtained from an electronic database. Eighteen papers were included for review of the full text, out of which, ten papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, eight articles were included in the systematic review. The present systematic review considered only in vitro studies; hence, the result cannot be completely translated to strict clinical conditions. The results of the present systematic review have shown that extract, and neem show better smear layer removal compared to other herbal agents, whereas they showed reduced smear layer removal when compared with EDTA. Although, it was seen that most of the included studies did not report a high quality of evidence. Hence, the present systematic review concludes that herbal agents have reported to show inferior smear layer removal when compared to EDTA. Thus, as far as herbal based alternatives are concerned, there is no highest level of evidence to state its real benefit when used as a chelating root canal irrigant.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Chelating Agents; Edetic Acid; Ethylenes; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Root Canal Preparation; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 35682452
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116870 -
ChemistryOpen Jun 2022Studies have been performed aimed at the synthesis of N-heteroacenes via substitution reactions of 4,5-difluoro-1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diamine. The fluorine atoms are...
Studies have been performed aimed at the synthesis of N-heteroacenes via substitution reactions of 4,5-difluoro-1,2-dinitrobenzene with a diamine. The fluorine atoms are displaced first, followed by an activated nitro group. Two intermediates have been characterised by X-ray single-crystal structure determinations. Their intermolecular interactions were examined by Hirshfeld surfaces to assess their suitability for organic molecular electronics. The high reactivity of the phenazine, which is prone to oxidise and rearrange, as are displacement products prepared from it, is explained by the formation of a cis-aci-nitro form from the secondary amine of the phenazine and a nitro group.
Topics: Crystallography, X-Ray; Diamines; Fluorine; Molecular Structure; Phenazines
PubMed: 35674450
DOI: 10.1002/open.202200092 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023Several previous studies have shown that oral microbial disorders may be closely related to the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However,...
Several previous studies have shown that oral microbial disorders may be closely related to the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether the function of oral microorganisms and their metabolites have changed in patients with T2DM who have not suffered from any oral diseases has not been reported. We performed metagenomic analyses and nontargeted metabolic analysis of saliva and supragingival plaque samples from patients with T2DM who have not suffered any oral diseases and normal controls. We found that periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella melaninogenica were significantly enriched, while the abundances of dental caries pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were not significantly different in patients with T2DM compared to those in normal controls. Metabolomic analyses showed that the salivary levels of cadaverine and L-(+)-leucine of patients with T2DM were significantly higher than those of normal controls, while the supragingival plaque levels of N-acetyldopamine and 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid in patients with T2DM were significantly higher than those in the normal controls. Additionally, we identified the types of oral microorganisms related to the changes in the levels of circulating metabolites, and the oral microorganisms were involved in the dysregulation of harmful metabolites such as cadaverine and n, n-dimethylarginine. Overall, our study first described the changes in the composition of oral microorganisms and their metabolites in patients with T2DM who have not suffered any oral diseases, which will provide a direct basis for finding oral biomarkers for early warning of oral diseases in T2DM. The incidence of oral diseases in type 2 diabetic patients might increase, and the severity might also be more serious. At present, the relationship between oral microorganisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a hot topic in systemic health research. However, whether the function of oral microorganisms and their metabolites have changed in patients with T2DM who have not suffered from any oral diseases has not been reported. We found that even if the oral condition of T2DM is healthy, their oral microbes and metabolites have changed, thus increasing the risk of periodontal disease. Our study first described the changes in the composition of oral microorganisms and their metabolites in T2DM who have not suffered any oral diseases and revealed the correlation between oral microorganisms and their metabolites, which will provide a direct basis for finding oral biomarkers for early warning of oral diseases in patients with T2DM.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dysbiosis; Cadaverine; Dental Caries; Microbiota
PubMed: 36625596
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03796-22 -
International Immunopharmacology Mar 2024The pathological mechanism of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is complex and involves tubular epithelial cell (TEC) death and immune cell activation....
The pathological mechanism of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is complex and involves tubular epithelial cell (TEC) death and immune cell activation. However, the interaction between tubular cell death and macrophage-mediated inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we uncovered that TEC ferroptosis was activated in SA-AKI. Increased levels of ferroptotic markers, including ferroptosis-related proteins, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial damage, were observed in the kidney tissue of cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SA-AKI mouse models, which were subsequently suppressed by Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). In vitro experiments showed that Fer-1 inhibits LPS-induced mitochondrial damage, Fe accumulation, and cytosolic ROS production. Moreover, it was found that TEC ferroptosis induced by promoted macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) and its downstream expression and M1 polarization, which was mediated by the release of spliceosome-associated protein 130 (SAP130), an endogenous ligand of Mincle, from TEC. It was confirmed in vitro that the supernatant from LPS-stimulated TECs promoted Mincle expression and M1 polarization in macrophages. Further experiments revealed that M1 macrophages aggravated TEC ferroptosis, which was offset by neutralizing SAP130 or inhibiting Mincle expression. In addition, neutralizing the circulatory SAP130 blunted kidney ferroptosis and Mincle expression, as well as macrophage infiltration in the kidney of SA-AKI mice. In conclusion, the release of SAP130 from ferroptotic TECs promoted M1 macrophage polarization by triggering Mincle/syk/NF-κB signaling, and M1 macrophages, in turn, aggravated TEC ferroptosis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Acute Kidney Injury; Cyclohexylamines; Epithelial Cells; Ferroptosis; Lipopolysaccharides; Phenylenediamines; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sepsis
PubMed: 38320352
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111564 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Dec 20221, 5-diaminopentane, also known as cadaverine, is an important raw material for the production of biopolyamide. It can be polymerized with dicarboxylic acid to produce... (Review)
Review
1, 5-diaminopentane, also known as cadaverine, is an important raw material for the production of biopolyamide. It can be polymerized with dicarboxylic acid to produce biopolyamide PA5X whose performances are comparable to that of the petroleum-based polyamide materials. Notably, biopolyamide uses renewable resources such as starch, cellulose and vegetable oil as substrate. The production process does not cause pollution to the environment, which is in line with the green and sustainable development strategy. The biosynthesis of 1, 5-diaminopentane mainly includes two methods: the microbial synthesis and the whole cell catalysis. Lysine decarboxylase as the key enzyme for 1, 5-diaminopentane production, mainly includes an inducible lysine decarboxylase CadA and a constituent lysine decarboxylase LdcC. Lysine decarboxylase is a folded type Ⅰ pyridoxal-5' phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme, which displays low activity and unstable structure, and is susceptible to deactivation by environmental factors in practical applications. Therefore, improving the catalytic activity and stability of lysine decarboxylase has become a research focus in this field, and molecular engineering and immobilization are the mainly approaches. Here, the mechanism, molecular engineering and immobilization strategies of lysine decarboxylase were reviewed, and the further strategies for improving its activity and stability were also prospected, with the aim to achieve efficient production of 1, 5-diaminopentane.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Carboxy-Lyases; Catalysis; Cadaverine
PubMed: 36593185
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220400 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Jun 2022
Topics: Edetic Acid; Europe; Humans; Nephrology; Renal Dialysis; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 35389478
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac145