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Nutrients Apr 2022The popularization of the gluten-free diet brings with it a fashion for its use, which can harm the treatment of Hashimoto's disease. The few studies in this regard do... (Review)
Review
The popularization of the gluten-free diet brings with it a fashion for its use, which can harm the treatment of Hashimoto's disease. The few studies in this regard do not confirm positive changes resulting from a gluten-free diet. At the same time, the presence of other comorbid autoimmune diseases in this group of patients is increasing. This may have important implications for the interpretation of test results and the need for a gluten-free diet in some patients. In this review, the PubMed database was searched for links between a gluten-free diet, Hashimoto's disease, and autoimmune diseases. When analyzing the available literature, we found no basis for introducing a gluten-free diet for the standard management of Hashimoto patients. The recommended diet is instead an anti-inflammatory diet that levels the supply (to compensate for deficiencies) of vitamin D, iodine, and selenium, which are found in plant products rich in polyphenols, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids, as illustrated in this article.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Diet, Gluten-Free; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamins
PubMed: 35565695
DOI: 10.3390/nu14091727 -
Nutrients Dec 2020The rise in obesity has emphasised a focus on lifestyle and dietary habits. We aimed to address the debate between low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets and compare their... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The rise in obesity has emphasised a focus on lifestyle and dietary habits. We aimed to address the debate between low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets and compare their effects on body weight, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol, and triglycerides in an adult population.
METHOD
Medline and Web of Science were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets up to September 2019. Three independent reviewers extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. The meta-analysis was stratified by follow-up time using the random-effects models.
RESULTS
This meta-analysis of 38 studies assessed a total of 6499 adults. At 6-12 months, pooled analyses of mean differences of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets favoured the low-carbohydrate diet for average weight change (mean difference -1.30 kg; 95% CI -2.02 to -0.57), HDL (0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08), and triglycerides (TG) (-0.10 mmol/L; -0.16 to -0.04), and favoured the low-fat diet for LDL (0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.12) and total cholesterol (0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.18). Conclusion and Relevance: This meta-analysis suggests that low-carbohydrate diets are effective at improving weight loss, HDL and TG lipid profiles. However, this must be balanced with potential consequences of raised LDL and total cholesterol in the long-term.
Topics: Adult; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Humans; Lipids; Triglycerides; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33317019
DOI: 10.3390/nu12123774 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Jul 2023In January 2022, a group of experts came together to discuss current perspectives and future directions in nutritional immunology as part of a symposium organized by the... (Review)
Review
In January 2022, a group of experts came together to discuss current perspectives and future directions in nutritional immunology as part of a symposium organized by the Canadian Nutrition Society. Objectives included (1) creating an understanding of the complex interplay between diet and the immune system from infants through to older adults, (2) illustrating the role of micronutrients that are vital to the immune system, (3) learning about current research comparing the impact of various dietary patterns and novel approaches to reduce inflammation, autoimmune conditions, allergies, and infections, and (4) discussing select dietary recommendations aimed at improving disease-specific immune function. The aims of this review are to summarize the symposium and to identify key areas of research that require additional exploration to better understand the dynamic relationship between nutrition and immune function.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Aged; Canada; Nutritional Status; Diet; Micronutrients; Vitamin D
PubMed: 36888970
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0276 -
Journal of Nutritional Science 2023Whilst dietary cholesterol guidelines have waivered through the years with historic restrictions lifted for the majority of the general population, recommendations to... (Review)
Review
Whilst dietary cholesterol guidelines have waivered through the years with historic restrictions lifted for the majority of the general population, recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake have been the mainstay of dietary guidelines since the 1980s and were recently reinforced by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). Cholesterol metabolism is complex, with saturated fat known to have a more significant contribution at raising levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is clear from metabolic research that hyper-responsiveness to both dietary cholesterol and saturated fat exists; hence, for specific subsets of the population, reductions in both nutrients may be indicated. With this in mind, the current article aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying biological variation in responsiveness and introduces research currently underway which will hopefully identify simple biomarkers that can be used to predict responsiveness and permit tailored, personalised, dietary advice. Eggs are a well-known source of dietary cholesterol whilst being low in saturated fat. A common question encountered in clinical practice is must individuals limit intake to manage blood cholesterol levels. This article summarises key recent papers which confirm that eggs can be enjoyed as part of a healthy balanced diet, whilst highlighting the need for further research in certain population groups, e.g. in individuals with diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Fats; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Diet
PubMed: 37706071
DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.82 -
Nutrition and Health Jun 2023A recent meta-analysis found low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg of bodyweight/day) (g/kg/day) decreased men's total testosterone (∼5.23 nmol/L)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A recent meta-analysis found low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg of bodyweight/day) (g/kg/day) decreased men's total testosterone (∼5.23 nmol/L) [Whittaker and Harris (2022) Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: systematic review and meta-analysis. . DOI: 10.1177/02601060221083079]. This finding has generated substantial discussion, however, it has often lacked clarity and context, with the term 'high-protein' being used unqualified. Firstly, diets < 3.4 g/kg/day are not associated with a consistent decrease in testosterone. Secondly, the average protein intake is ∼1.3 g/kg/day, conventional 'high-protein' diets are ∼1.8-3 g/kg/day and the vast majority of athletes are < 3.4 g/kg/day; meaning very few individuals will ever surpass 3.4 g/kg/day. To avoid such confusion in the future, the following definitions are proposed: very high (> 3.4 g/kg/day), high (1.9-3.4 g/kg/day), moderate (1.25-1.9 g/kg/day) and low (<1.25 g/kg/day). Using these, very high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg/day) appear to decrease testosterone, however high- and moderate-protein diets (1.25-3.4 g/kg/day) do not.
Topics: Male; Humans; Testosterone; Body Weight; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Nutritional Status; Diet, High-Protein
PubMed: 36266956
DOI: 10.1177/02601060221132922 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Aug 2022Objective: to evaluate the lipid metabolism of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) diet treatment, so as to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Objective: to evaluate the lipid metabolism of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) diet treatment, so as to provide an evidence-based basis for better dietary management and comprehensive treatment of diabetic patients. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trial about VLCK diet on lipid metabolism of T2DM up to September 2021. The data were analyzed using the Stata 15.0; standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as effect size. Results: ten articles were included in this meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between the two groups in total cholesterol (SMD = -0.07, 95 % CI: -0.06-0.20, p > 0.05), HDL (SMD = 0.13, 95 % CI: -0.05-0.31, p > 0.05) and LDL (SMD = 0.07, 95 % CI: -0.06-0.20, p > 0.05) levels after treatment. No difference was found in total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels between the two groups after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment (p > 0.05). Triglyceride levels decreased after VLCK diet compared with control (SMD = -0.49, 95 % CI: -0.82 to -0.17, p = 0.003). A marked reduction of triglyceride levels was identified after 3 months of VLCK diet treatment (SMD = -0.69, 95 % CI: -1.00 to -0.38), without significant difference after 6 and 12 months. Conclusion: T2DM patients who receive a VLCK diet to lower blood glucose are not associated with increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL, and decreased levels of HDL. Additionally, this diet can achieve a short-term reduction of triglyceride levels.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Triglycerides
PubMed: 35243868
DOI: 10.20960/nh.03987 -
Nature Communications Apr 2022Calorie restriction (CR) and fasting are common approaches to weight reduction, but the maintenance is difficult after resuming food consumption. Meanwhile, the gut...
Calorie restriction (CR) and fasting are common approaches to weight reduction, but the maintenance is difficult after resuming food consumption. Meanwhile, the gut microbiome associated with energy harvest alters dramatically in response to nutrient deprivation. Here, we reported that CR and high-fat diet (HFD) both remodeled the gut microbiota with similar microbial composition, Parabacteroides distasonis was most significantly decreased after CR or HFD. CR altered microbiota and reprogramed metabolism, resulting in a distinct serum bile acid profile characterized by depleting the proportion of non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Downregulation of UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue and decreased serum GLP-1 were observed in the weight-rebound mice. Moreover, treatment with Parabacteroides distasonis or non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids ameliorated weight regain via increased thermogenesis. Our results highlighted the gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk in rebound weight gain and Parabacteroides distasonis as a potential probiotic to prevent rapid post-CR weight gain.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidetes; Bile Acids and Salts; Caloric Restriction; Diet, High-Fat; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Weight Gain
PubMed: 35440584
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29589-7 -
Nutrients Jun 2021The immune system plays a key role in cancer suppression. Immunotherapy is widely used as a treatment method in patients with various types of cancer. Immune checkpoint... (Review)
Review
The immune system plays a key role in cancer suppression. Immunotherapy is widely used as a treatment method in patients with various types of cancer. Immune checkpoint blockade using antibodies, such as anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4, is currently gaining popularity. A systematic literature search was executed, and all available data was summarized. This review shows that specific dietary patterns (such as, e.g., animal-based, vegetarian, or Mediterranean diet) alter the gut microbiome's composition. An appropriate intestinal microbiota structure might modulate the function of human immune system, which affects the bodily anti-cancer response. This paper shows also that specific bacteria species inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract can have a beneficial influence on the efficacy of immunotherapy. Antibiotics weaken gut bacteria and worsen the immune checkpoint blockers' efficacy, whereas a faecal microbiota transplant or probiotics supplementation may help restore bacterial balance in the intestine. Other factors (like vitamins, glucose, or BMI) change the cancer treatment response, as well. This review demonstrates that there is a strong association between one's diet, gut microbiome composition, and the outcome of immunotherapy. However, further investigation on this subject is required.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Bacteria; Diet; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Obesity; Probiotics; Thiamine; Vitamin D
PubMed: 34203292
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072217 -
Nutrients Jun 2021Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a multicomplex disorder characterized by an umbrella of specific issues in the areas of social communication, restricted interests, and...
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a multicomplex disorder characterized by an umbrella of specific issues in the areas of social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors [...].
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cholecalciferol; Communication; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 34204187
DOI: 10.3390/nu13062068 -
Cell Metabolism Jul 2023Glucose dependency of cancer cells can be targeted with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD). However, in IL-6-producing cancers, suppression of the hepatic...
Glucose dependency of cancer cells can be targeted with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD). However, in IL-6-producing cancers, suppression of the hepatic ketogenic potential hinders the utilization of KD as energy for the organism. In IL-6-associated murine models of cancer cachexia, we describe delayed tumor growth but accelerated cachexia onset and shortened survival in mice fed KD. Mechanistically, this uncoupling is a consequence of the biochemical interaction of two NADPH-dependent pathways. Within the tumor, increased lipid peroxidation and, consequently, saturation of the glutathione (GSH) system lead to the ferroptotic death of cancer cells. Systemically, redox imbalance and NADPH depletion impair corticosterone biosynthesis. Administration of dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, increases food intake, normalizes glucose levels and utilization of nutritional substrates, delays cachexia onset, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing mice fed KD while preserving reduced tumor growth. Our study emphasizes the need to investigate the effects of systemic interventions on both the tumor and the host to accurately assess therapeutic potential. These findings may be relevant to clinical research efforts that investigate nutritional interventions such as KD in patients with cancer.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Diet, Ketogenic; Cachexia; Corticosterone; Interleukin-6; Ferroptosis; NADP; Ketone Bodies; Glucose; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37311455
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.05.008