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Parasites & Vectors Dec 2022In China, the plerocercoid of the cestode Spirometra mansoni is the main causative agent of human and animal sparganosis. However, the population genetic structure of...
BACKGROUND
In China, the plerocercoid of the cestode Spirometra mansoni is the main causative agent of human and animal sparganosis. However, the population genetic structure of this parasite remains unclear. In this study, we genotyped S. mansoni isolates with the aim to improve current knowledge on the evolution and population diversity of this cestode.
METHODS
We first screened 34 perfect simple sequence repeats (SSRs) using all available omic data and then constructed target sequencing technology (Target SSR-seq) based on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Next, a series of STRUCTURE. clustering, principal component, analysis of molecular variance and TreeMix analyses were performed on 362 worm samples isolated from 12 different hosts in 16 geographical populations of China to identify the genetic structure.
RESULTS
A total of 170 alleles were detected. The whole population could be organized and was found to be derived from the admixture of two ancestral clusters. TreeMix analysis hinted that possible gene flow occurred from Guizhou (GZ) to Sichuan (SC), SC to Jaingxi (JX), SC to Hubei (HB), GZ to Yunnan (YN) and GZ to Jiangsu (JS). Both neighbor-joining clustering and principal coordinate analysis showed that isolates from intermediate hosts tend to cluster together, while parasites from definitive hosts revealed greater genetic differences. Generally, a S. mansoni population was observed to harbor high genetic diversity, moderate genetic differentiation and a little genetic exchange among geographical populations.
CONCLUSIONS
A Target SSR-seq genotyping method was successfully developed, and an in-depth view of genetic diversity and genetic relationship will have important implications for the prevention and control of sparganosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Spirometra; Sparganosis; China; Phylogeny; Genotype; Microsatellite Repeats; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 36564786
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05568-1 -
International Journal of Circumpolar... Dec 2021The aim of this work was to compare the prevalence of opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis, and ascariasis among the rural indigenous and long-term resident people of...
The aim of this work was to compare the prevalence of opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis, and ascariasis among the rural indigenous and long-term resident people of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (KMAO) in the years 1988-89 and 2018-19. Helminth infections were identified by faecal microscopic examinations conducted during health check-ups. We analysed 399 medical records for years 1988-89 and 549 records for 2018-19. There were found a decrease in the prevalence of ascariasis among the indigenous people, but the region remains a hotbed of fish-transmitted helminthiases. The spread of infestation has remained close to 5% in the indigenous adults. The number of opisthorchiasis-infected children, both indigenous and non-indigenous, has increased significantly (p < 0.05). Among the indigenous adults, opisthorchiasis in 2018-19 was at as high level as in 1988-89 (57.5% vs 54.4%). The non-indigenous adults had infestations in 2018-19 frequently than in 1988-89 (p = 0.06). The results of our study on the prevalence of helminth infection in the population of the northern Ob River basin agree with the many years average annual incidence of helminthiases in KMAO.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Incidence; Opisthorchiasis; Prevalence; Rural Population; Siberia
PubMed: 33899703
DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2021.1917270 -
Medicine May 2020Sparganosis is an infectious disease caused by a larval tapeworm of the genus Spirometra, which commonly invades subcutaneous tissues. Pulmonary and pleural involvement... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Sparganosis is an infectious disease caused by a larval tapeworm of the genus Spirometra, which commonly invades subcutaneous tissues. Pulmonary and pleural involvement due to sparganum has been rarely reported previously.
PATIENT CONCERNS
We herein described a case of recurrent eosinophilic pleuritis in a 24-year-old woman. She was admitted with persistent cough and shortness of breath for more than 1 month. Initial chest computed tomography scan suggested right pleural effusion and diffuse pleural thickening. Slightly elevated eosinophil counts were found in both the peripheral blood and pleural fluid. She underwent right pleurectomy but histological examination failed to obtain an etiological diagnosis. Moreover, eosinophilic pleural effusion re-appeared in the contralateral thoracic cavity one month later. After re-admission, we reviewed her medical history meticulously and found she had a history of ingesting raw snake gallbladders before hospitalization. The final diagnosis was confirmed by the markedly positive reaction against sparganum antigen in both serum and pleural fluid sample.
DIAGNOSIS
Eosinophilic pleuritis caused by sparganum infection.
INTERVENTIONS
After the diagnosis, the patient was treated with praziquantel at 75 mg/kg/d for 3 days.
OUTCOMES
Pleural effusion absorbed completely and eosinophil count in peripheral blood returned to normal range. No evidence of recurrent pleural effusion had been observed in over one year of follow-up.
LESSONS
Clinicians need to be aware the possibility of sparganum infection in cases of eosinophilic pleuritis. The specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay remains a useful method in acquiring a rapid diagnosis, especially when histological examination is unable to detect the larvae in the thoracic cavity.
Topics: Anthelmintics; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Eosinophilia; Female; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Pleurisy; Praziquantel; Recurrence; Sparganosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 32481388
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020226 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2023Invasion of the corpus callosum by sparganosis is rare in children. After invading the corpus callosum, sparganosis has various migration modes, which can break through...
BACKGROUND
Invasion of the corpus callosum by sparganosis is rare in children. After invading the corpus callosum, sparganosis has various migration modes, which can break through the ependyma and enter the ventricles, thus causing secondary migratory brain injury.
CASE PRESENTATION
A girl aged 4 years and 7 months presented with left lower limb paralysis for more than 50 days. Blood examination showed that the proportion and absolute number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood were increased. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples revealed positivity for IgG and IgM antibodies for sparganosis. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed ring-like enhancements in the right frontoparietal cortex, subcortical white matter, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Within 2 months, a fourth follow-up MRI showed that the lesion had spread to the left parietal cortex, subcortical white matter, and deep white matter in the right occipital lobe and right ventricular choroid plexus, with left parietal leptomeningeal enhancement.
CONCLUSION
Migratory movement is one of the characteristics of cerebral sparganosis. When sparganosis invades the corpus callosum, clinicians should be aware that it may then break through the ependyma and enter the lateral ventricles, leading to secondary migratory brain injury. Short-term follow-up MRI is necessary to evaluate the migration mode of sparganosis and dynamically guide treatment strategies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Child; Sparganosis; Corpus Callosum; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Neoplasms; Brain Injuries; Paralysis
PubMed: 37231358
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08322-9 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Oct 2019Human sparganosis is a food-borne zoonosis mainly caused by the plerocercoid belonging to the genus Spirometra. The most common clinical sign of sparganosis is a...
Human sparganosis is a food-borne zoonosis mainly caused by the plerocercoid belonging to the genus Spirometra. The most common clinical sign of sparganosis is a subcutaneous mass in the trunk including abdominal or chest wall. The mass may be mistaken for a malignant tumor, thereby causing difficulty in terms of diagnosis and treatment. A 66-year-old woman visited our clinic for the removal of a lipoma-like mass. It was movable, hard, and painless. We identified 2 white mass, measuring 0.2×4 cm and 0.2×1 cm. Pathologic findings indicated the white mass was a sparganum. She recalled having eaten a raw frog approximately 60 years before. A 35-year-old who lived North Korea was also presented to our clinic with an asymptomatic nodule on her abdomen. Intraoperatively, we found sparganum approximately 24 cm size. Subcutaneous masses are associated with clinical signs of inflammation or they may mimic a soft tissue neoplasm. While the incidence rate of sparganosis has decreased with economic development and advancements in sanitation, surgeons still encounter patients with sparganosis in the clinical setting. Therefore, a careful history is required in order to diagnose sparganosis.
Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Animals; Female; Humans; Lipoma; Sparganosis; Spirometra
PubMed: 31715692
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.513 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Nov 2023
Topics: Animals; Humans; Diphyllobothrium; Diphyllobothriasis; China; Russia
PubMed: 37549900
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0335 -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2023A 30-year-old male patient had a cyst on the left hip and progressive enlargement for more than 2 months. Combined blood tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathology...
A 30-year-old male patient had a cyst on the left hip and progressive enlargement for more than 2 months. Combined blood tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathology findings, cysticercosis infection was suspected. However, the treatment for cysticercosis was ineffective. We conducted a metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analysis on the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimen of the patient's surgically excised tissue, and the results suggested Spirometra mansoni, mNGS was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Based on these results, we found that mNGS provided a better method of diagnosing parasitic infections.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Adult; Spirometra; Sparganosis; Phylogeny; Cysticercosis; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Metagenomics
PubMed: 36592686
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.038 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Cerebral sparganosis is a rare parasitic infection of the brain tissue. The remission of MRI change and clinical symptom has been used to evaluate the therapeutic...
INTRODUCTION
Cerebral sparganosis is a rare parasitic infection of the brain tissue. The remission of MRI change and clinical symptom has been used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. However, there is no study to correlate the serum IgG antibody level of sparganum to the prognosis of disease after treatment.
METHODS
87 patients with cerebral sparganosis were collected from three medical centers. Clinical symptoms and MRI changes were evaluated at 12 months after initial treatment, and serum IgG antibody level of sparganum was evaluated at 2, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The positive cut-off value was based on 2.1 times the optical density (OD) of negative control. The index value was defined as the sample OD divided by the cut-off value.
RESULTS
Among the 87 patients after treatment, 71 patients had good clinical outcomes, and 16 had poor clinical outcomes. The area under the curve (AUC) showed that the index value measured at 12 months after treatment had the best prediction effect, with a value of 2.014. In the good-outcome group, the index values were less than 2.014 in all 71 patients, and only 8 patients had mildly enhanced residual lesions on MRI. In the poor-outcome group, the index values were more than 2.014 in all 16 patients, and all patients still showed significantly enhanced lesions on MRI. Compared with poor-outcome patients, only 2 patients with good outcomes had disease recurrence after treatment.
DISCUSSION
This study provided evidence that the serum IgG antibody level of sparganum was a promising biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of patients with cerebral sparganosis after treatment.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sparganosis; Immunoglobulin G; Sparganum; Biomarkers; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37051247
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158635 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Oct 2020A 22-year-old Thai man from the Northeast region presented with acute eye swelling, itching, and discharge on his left eye. He was suspected of having gnathostomiasis...
A 22-year-old Thai man from the Northeast region presented with acute eye swelling, itching, and discharge on his left eye. He was suspected of having gnathostomiasis and treated with albendazole and prednisolone for 3 weeks. Nine months later, he was treated with high-dose oral prednisolone for the preliminary and differential diagnoses with thyroid-associated orbitopathy and lymphoma. He had been administered prednisolone intermittently over a few years. Then he developed a painless movable mass at the left upper eyelid and recurrent pseudotumor oculi was suspected. The surgical removal of the mass was performed. A white pseudosegmented worm revealed a definite diagnosis of ocular sparganosis by a plerocercoid larva. Molecular diagnosis of the causative species was made based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Proper technique of extraction and amplification of short fragments DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue successfully identified parasite species. The result from the sequencing of the PCR-amplified cox1 fragments in this study showed 99.0% sequence homology to Spirometra ranarum. This is the first report of S. ranarum in Thailand.
Topics: Adult; Animals; DNA, Helminth; Diagnosis, Differential; Eye; Eye Diseases; Genes, Helminth; Humans; Male; Sparganosis; Sparganum; Spirometra; Thailand; Young Adult
PubMed: 33202511
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.577 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2020(Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea; syn. ), is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for diphyllobothriasis in humans. Although has long been studied,...
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea; syn. ), is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for diphyllobothriasis in humans. Although has long been studied, many aspects of its epidemiology and distribution remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, mean intensity of infestation, and mean abundance of plerocercoid larvae of in European perch () and its spatial distribution in three commercial fishing areas in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). A total of 598 specimens of were caught in 2019. The total prevalence of was 6.5%. However, there were significant differences between areas (10.2% North; 7.3% Center; 1.5% South) (Chi-square test, = 0.0018). The mean intensity of infestation ranged from 1 larva in southern area to 1.2 larvae in both the central and northern (Pisogne) areas. In addition, the mean abundance ranged from 0.02 in the southern area to 0.26 in the northern area (Pisogne). The total number of larvae (anterior dorsal-AD = 21; anterior ventral-AV = 1; posterior dorsal-PD = 15; posterior ventral-PV = 5) differed significantly between the four anatomical quadrants (Kruskal-Wallis test; = 0.0001). The prevalence of plerocercoid larvae in European perch from Lake Iseo has long been investigated, but without an appropriate sampling design. With the present study, a broader analysis in spatial distribution has been added to the existing literature, revealing new information about distribution and occurrence in Lake Iseo, with new data that will be useful for health authorities and future studies.
Topics: Animals; Diphyllobothriasis; Diphyllobothrium; Fish Diseases; Humans; Italy; Lakes
PubMed: 32674519
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145070