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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBRV) are the two most prevalent infectious diseases in cattle. They both can cause...
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBRV) are the two most prevalent infectious diseases in cattle. They both can cause persistent infection and immunosuppression, resulting in significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Therefore, rapid detection of early BVDV and IBRV infections is crucial. In this study, a method for the rapid detection of BVDV and IBRV was established by using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow device (LFD). By optimizing the temperature and time conditions of the RPA reaction, the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical performance were evaluated. The results indicated that the RPA reaction could be completed at 40°C within 25 min. The LOD for BVDV and IBRV by RPA-LFD were 5.1 × 10 copies/μL and 6.65 × 10 copies/μL, respectively, with no cross-reactivity observed with other viruses such as CSFV, BRSV, BPIV3, BRV, and BCoV. Testing of 32 clinical samples showed consistent results between RPA-LFD and qPCR. The RPA-LFD method established in this study can be used for the rapid clinical detection of BVDV and IBRV, which providing a rapid and convenient molecular biology approach for on-site rapid detection and epidemiological investigations. Simultaneously, it offers technical support for the prevention and control of these viruses.
PubMed: 38601910
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1360504 -
PloS One 2022Urogenital schistosomiasis has been known to be endemic in several lowland areas of Ethiopia. It is caused by Schistosoma haematobium and causes considerable public...
BACKGROUND
Urogenital schistosomiasis has been known to be endemic in several lowland areas of Ethiopia. It is caused by Schistosoma haematobium and causes considerable public health problems to schoolchildren. Ethiopia, after mapping the distribution of the disease (2013 to 2015), launched school-based mass deworming program to treat schoolchildren for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) across the country since 2015. However, there is no recent information about the prevalence of the disease among schoolchildren in the current study areas. Diagnostic performance of urine filtration method and urinalysis reagent strip is also lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in schoolchildren, and to evaluate diagnostic performance of urine filtration and urinalysis reagent strip in Amibara, Kurmuk and Abobo districts, Ethiopia.
METHODS
Across-sectional study was conducted involving 1,171 schoolchildren in Abobo, Amibara and Kurmuk districts from October, 2020 to January, 2021. The study participants were selected using random sampling technique. From each study participant, 10 ml urine samples were collected and examined using urine filtration method and urinalysis reagent strip. Data obtained from the survey were entered into Microsoft Excel 2010 and analysed with SPSS version 20.0. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Chi-square, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression and Pearson correlation test were used to measure associations between urogenital schistosomiasis, age, sex and haematuria. Odds ratio was used to measure strengths of association between variables. Agreement between urine filtration method and urinalysis reagent strip was determined using Kappa statistics. P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS
Among the 1,171 urine samples from schoolchildren examined by urine filtration method, 143 (12.2%) were S.haematobium egg positive. Out of 143 positive children 126(88.1%) were lightly infected and 17 (11.9%) were heavily infected. Among the total of 1,171 urine samples tested by dipstick, 264(22.5%) were positive for haematuria. Prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis by both urine filtration and urinalysis reagent strip method was higher in Abobo than Hassoba (Amibara) and Kurmuk (P< 0.001). The number of egg counts (intensity of infections) were significantly correlated with intensity of haematuria (r = 0.6, P < 0.001). Egg-positive children had significantly higher risk of having haematuria compared to S. haematobium egg negative children (OR; 6.96; 95%CI: 4.98, 8.940). Compared to urine filtration method, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of urinalysis reagent strip were 99.3%, 88.1%, 53.8% and 99.8%, respectively. Furthermore, its positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 8.34 and 0.008, respectively. The accuracy index and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of reagent strip were 0.89 and 1054, respectively. The agreement level between urine filtration methods and urinalysis reagent strip for detecting urogenital schistosomiasis was substantial (Kappa = 0.64).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that urogenital schistosomiasis was prevalent in schoolchildren in Abobo, Hassoba and Kurmuk districts. Urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence in Hassoba-bure and Kurmuk falls under low category whereas moderate in Abobo and is almost four times compared to Kurmuk and Hassoba-bure. Chemotherapy is needed in schoolchildren in such endemic areas and other measures like access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene, and health education should be implemented to control and prevent schistosomiasis effectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of urinalysis reagent strip were higher and could serve as alternative for mass screening of urogenital schistosomiasis, for surveillance and evaluation of schistosomiasis intervention programs.
Topics: Animals; Child; Ethiopia; Hematuria; Humans; Prevalence; Reagent Strips; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinalysis
PubMed: 35877771
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271569 -
Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and...To assess the performance of a new urinary intermittent catheter (IC) prototype designed with a micro-hole drainage zone compared to a conventional eyelet catheter (CEC)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Improved Performance With the Micro-Hole Zone Intermittent Catheter: A Combined Analysis of 3 Randomized Controlled Studies Comparing the New Catheter Technology With a Conventional Eyelet Catheter.
PURPOSE
To assess the performance of a new urinary intermittent catheter (IC) prototype designed with a micro-hole drainage zone compared to a conventional eyelet catheter (CEC) in terms of flow-stop, bladder emptying, and hematuria.
DESIGN
Randomized controlled crossover studies.
SUBJECT AND SETTING
The sample comprised 15 male healthy volunteers (HV) and 15 IC users, along with 15 female HV and 15 IC users. The age range was lower for HV participants than for IC users (range: 20-57 years for HV vs 21-82 years for IC users). The study setting was the Department of Urology, located in Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen.
METHODS
Number of flow-stop incidents, residual urine volume at first flow-stop (RV1), and dipstick hematuria were measured during and after catheterization by a health care professional (HV) and by self-catheterisation (IC-users). Results from the 3 studies were combined for HV and IC users on RV1 and number of flow-stop incidents but separated on sex. For incidents of hematuria, an effect of underlying condition was assumed, and a combined analysis on sex was performed, separating HV and IC users.
RESULTS
When compared to the micro-hole drainage zone design, catheterizations with CEC resulted in a significantly higher mean RV1 (mean difference: 49 mL in males and 32 mL in females, both P < .001) and average number of flow-stop incidents (8 and 21 times more frequent for males and females, respectively, both P < .001). The likelihood for hematuria was 5.84 higher with CEC than with micro-hole drainage hole design, P = .053, during normal micturition in HV postcatheterization. No serious adverse events were reported.
CONCLUSION
The micro-hole drainage zone catheter provides IC users fewer premature flow-stops. This design feature reduces modifiable urinary tract infection risk factors, such as residual urine and micro-trauma; additional research is needed to determine its effects on bladder health.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Hematuria; Technology; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Catheters; Urinary Tract Infections; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 37966080
DOI: 10.1097/WON.0000000000001029 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Oct 2022Urogenital schistosomiasis remains as a public health problem in Tanzania and for the past 15 years, mass drug administration (MDA) targeting primary school children has...
Urogenital schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in four districts of north western Tanzania after 15 years of mass drug administration: Geographical prevalence, risk factors and performance of haematuria reagent strips.
BACKGROUND
Urogenital schistosomiasis remains as a public health problem in Tanzania and for the past 15 years, mass drug administration (MDA) targeting primary school children has remained as the mainstay for its control. However, after multiple rounds of MDA in highly risk groups, there are no data on the current status of Schistosoma haematobium in known endemic areas. Furthermore, the performance of commonly used diagnostic test, the urine reagent strips is not known after the decline in prevalence and intensities of infection following repeated rounds of treatment. Thus, after 15 of national MDA, there is a need to review the strategy and infection diagnostic tools available to inform the next stage of schistosomiasis control in the country.
METHODS/FINDINGS
A analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November, 2019 among pre-school (3-5years old) and school aged children (6-17 years old) living in four (4) districts with low (<10%) and moderate (10%-<50%) endemicity for schistosomiasis as per WHO classification at the start of the national control programme in 2005/06, with mean prevalence of 20.7%. A total of 20,389 children from 88 randomly selected primary schools participated in the study. A questionnaire was used to record demographic information. A single urine sample was obtained from each participant and visually examined for macrohaematuria, tested with a dipstick for micro-haematuria, to determine blood in urine; a marker of schistosome related morbidity and a proxy of infection. Infection intensity was determined by parasitological examination of the urine sample for S. haematobium eggs. Overall, mean infection prevalence was 7.4% (95%CI: 7.0-7.7, 1514/20,389) and geometric mean infection intensity was 15.8eggs/10mls. Both infection prevalence (5.9% versus 9%, P<0.001) and intensity (t = -6.9256, P<0.001) were significantly higher in males compared to females respectively. Light and heavy infections were detected in 82.3% and 17.7% of the positive children respectively. The prevalence of macrohaematuria was 0.3% and that of microhaematuria was 9.3% (95%CI:8.9-9.7). The sensitivity and specificity of the urine reagent strip were 78% (95%CI: 76.1-79.9) and 99.8% (95%CI: 99.7-99.9). Having light (P<0.001) and heavy infection intensities (P<0.001) and living in the study districts increased the odd of having microhaematuria. Predictors of S. haematobium infection were being male (P<0.003), microhaematuria (P<0.001), and living in the three study districts (P<0.001) compared to living at Nzega district.
CONCLUSION
The findings provide an updated geographical prevalence which gives an insight on the planning and implementation of MDA. Comparing with the earlier mapping survey at the start of the national wide mass drug administration, the prevalence of S. haematobium infection have significantly declined. This partly could be attributed to repeated rounds of mass drug administration. The urine reagent strips remain as a useful adjunct diagnostic test for rapid monitoring of urogenital schistosomiasis in areas with low and high prevalence. Based on prevalence levels and with some schools having no detectable infections, review of the current blanket mass drug administration is recommended.
Topics: Child; Animals; Female; Child, Preschool; Humans; Male; Adolescent; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Reagent Strips; Hematuria; Mass Drug Administration; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Tanzania; Schistosoma haematobium; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36223393
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010834 -
PloS One 2020Previous studies on diagnostic accuracy of dipstick testing for leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite to diagnose urinary tract infection (UTI) had used urine culture,...
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies on diagnostic accuracy of dipstick testing for leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite to diagnose urinary tract infection (UTI) had used urine culture, which is an imperfect gold standard. Estimates of diagnostic accuracy obtained using the classical gold standard framework might not reflect the true diagnostic accuracy of dipstick tests.
METHODS
We used the dataset from a prospective, observational study conducted in the emergency department of a teaching hospital in southern India. Patients with a clinical suspicion of UTI underwent dipstick testing for LE and nitrite, urine microscopy, and urine culture. Based on the results of urine microscopy and culture, UTI was classified into definite, probable, and possible. Patients with microscopic pyuria and a positive urine culture were adjudicated as definite UTI. Unequivocal imaging evidence of emphysematous pyelonephritis or perinephric collections was also considered definite UTI. We estimated the diagnostic accuracy of LE and nitrite tests using the classical analysis (assuming definite UTI as gold standard) and two different Bayesian latent class models (LCMs; 3-tests in 1-population and 2-tests in 2-populations models).
RESULTS
We studied 149 patients. Overall, 64 (43%) patients had definite, 76 (51%) had probable, and 2 (1.3%) had possible UTI; 7 (4.6%) had alternate diagnoses. In classical analysis, LE was more sensitive than nitrite (87.5% versus 70.5%), while nitrite was more specific (24% versus 58%). The 3-tests in 1-population Bayesian LCM indicated a substantially better sensitivity and specificity for LE (98.1% and 47.6%) and nitrite (88.2% and 97.7%). True sensitivity and specificity of urine culture as estimated by the model was 48.7% and 73.0%. Estimates of the 2-tests in 2-populations model were in agreement with the 3-tests in 1-population model.
CONCLUSIONS
Bayesian LCMs indicate a clinically important improvement in the true diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick testing for LE and nitrite. Given this, a negative dipstick LE would rule-out UTI, while a positive dipstick nitrite would rule-in UTI in our study setting. True diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick testing for UTI in various practice settings needs reevaluation using Bayesian LCMs.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteriuria; Bayes Theorem; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Latent Class Analysis; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Pyuria; Reagent Strips; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urinalysis
PubMed: 33382863
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244870 -
BMJ Open Oct 2022With advances in mobile technology, smartphone-based point-of-care testing (POCT) urinalysis hold great potential for disease screening and health management for...
OBJECTIVE
With advances in mobile technology, smartphone-based point-of-care testing (POCT) urinalysis hold great potential for disease screening and health management for clinicians and individual users. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the analytical performance of Hipee S2 POCT urine dipstick analyser.
DESIGN
A multicentre, hospital-based, cross-sectional study.
SETTING
Analytical performance of the POCT analyser was conducted at a clinical laboratory, and method comparison was performed at three clinical laboratories in China.
PARTICIPANTS
Urine samples were collected from 1603 outpatients and inpatients at three hospitals, and 5 health check-up population at one of the hospitals.
OUTCOME MEASURES
All tests were performed by clinical laboratory technicians. Precision, drift, carry-over, interference and method comparison of Hipee S2 were evaluated. Diagnostic accuracy of semiquantitative albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) for albuminuria was carried out using quantitative ACR as the standard.
RESULTS
The precision for each parameter, assessed by control materials, was acceptable. No sample carry-over or drift was observed. Ascorbate solution with 1 g/L had an inhibitory effect for the haemoglobin test. Agreement for specific gravity (SG) varied between moderate to substantial (κ values 0.496-0.687), for pH was moderate (κ values 0.423-0.569) and for other parameters varied between substantial to excellent (κ values 0.669-0.991), on comparing the Hipee S2 with laboratory analysers. The semiquantitative microalbumin and creatinine were highly correlated with the quantitative results. The sensitivity of semiquantitative ACR to detect albuminuria was 87.2%-90.7%, specificity was 70.7%-78.4%, negative predictive value was 85.3%-87.9% and positive predictive value was 73.9%-83%.
CONCLUSIONS
Hipee S2 POCT urine analyser showed acceptable analytical performance as a semiquantitative method. It serves as a convenient alternate device for clinicians and individual users for urinalysis and health management. In addition, the POCT semiquantitative ACR would be useful in screening for albuminuria.
Topics: Humans; Albuminuria; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Urinalysis; Point-of-Care Testing; Point-of-Care Systems
PubMed: 36302575
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063781 -
Hematology/oncology and Stem Cell... Jun 2021As part of the evaluation for chemotherapy readiness, urine specific gravity is measured to assess the patient's overall hydration status. Depending on the accuracy of...
As part of the evaluation for chemotherapy readiness, urine specific gravity is measured to assess the patient's overall hydration status. Depending on the accuracy of the methods used, patients may be adversely affected by having their chemotherapy delayed or prematurely started. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a new automated urine dipstick readout device (Clinitek), we tested 196 consecutive urine samples for urine specific gravity and compared them with the practical gold standard, a urine refractometer. We found a high correlation between both tools among clean urine samples, but a poor correlation among the pathological urine samples.
Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Refractometry; Specific Gravity; Urinalysis
PubMed: 32502489
DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.04.008 -
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Mar 2022The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is raging, seriously threatening people's lives. The establishment of rapid and accurate pathogen detection technology...
The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is raging, seriously threatening people's lives. The establishment of rapid and accurate pathogen detection technology is not only critical in this epidemic, but also a reminder that we must always be prepared for possible future outbreaks. Therefore, we developed a Palm Germ-Radar (PaGeR) device for rapid and simple detection of COVID-19 from extracted patient sample RNA by RT-LAMP. The whole procedure of rapid COVID-19 detection is based on 4 simple steps: inactivation, extraction, amplification, and detection. SARS-CoV-2 down to 1 copy/μL could be detected selectively with naked-eye. Three detection methods (colorimetric, fluorometric and lateral dipstick readout) could be performed in PaGeR instrument. By employing the PaGeR, we successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 in clinical RNA samples isolated from swab specimens. The results showed that 15 out of 17 COVID-19 patients were diagnosed as positive while all 55 normal samples were diagnosed as negative. Therefore, the developed PaGeR instrument can realize the detection of COVID-19 with easily visualized results, providing a promising instrument for rapid detection in the community as well as at home.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; COVID-19; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Pandemics; RNA, Viral; Radar; Reverse Transcription; SARS-CoV-2; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 34979349
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113925 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy farming, causing huge economic losses worldwide. is the main pathogenic bacterium of contagious mastitis...
INTRODUCTION
Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy farming, causing huge economic losses worldwide. is the main pathogenic bacterium of contagious mastitis and can deliver a devastating blow to a farm's economy. Rapid detection is the key to disease control.
METHODS
In this study, a rapid detection method for was established. This method combines filter paper extraction, multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA), and lateral flow dipsticks (LFD). To simplify the extraction procedure, we designed a disposable extraction device (DED). First, DED performance was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then the lysis formula and extraction time were optimized. Second, this study compared the extraction performance of a filter paper and an automatic nucleic acid extraction instrument. After screening primers, MIRA for was established and combined with LFD. Specificity and sensitivity were evaluated after optimizing the reaction conditions.
RESULTS
The results showed that the lowest extraction line for DED was 0.01-0.001 ng/μl. In the specificity study, 12 different bacteria were tested, and only was found to be positive. In the sensitivity study, seven dilution gradients were established, and the lowest detection line was 3.52 × 10 CFU/ml.
DISCUSSION
In summary, the method established in this study does not require laboratory equipment and is suitable for on-site detection. The entire method takes only 15 min, is low in cost, has high precision and low technical requirements for operators, which is in contrast with the high cost and cumbersome operation of traditional methods, and is suitable for on-site testing in areas with limited facilities.
PubMed: 36876018
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1100246 -
PloS One 2019Recently, changes in urinary albumin and in GFR have been recognized as risk factors for the development of end-stage kidney disease and mortality. Though most clinical...
Recently, changes in urinary albumin and in GFR have been recognized as risk factors for the development of end-stage kidney disease and mortality. Though most clinical epidemiology studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) used renal function and proteinuria at baseline alone, definitive diagnosis of CKD with multiple measurements intensifies the differences in the risk for mortality between the CKD and non-CKD populations. We hypothesized that a transient diagnosis of proteinuria and reduced renal function each indicate a significantly higher mortality compared to definitive non-CKD as the negative control and lower mortality compared with definitive CKD as the positive control. The present longitudinal study evaluated a general-population cohort of 338,094 persons who received annual health checkups, with a median 4.3-year study period. There were 2,481 deaths, including 510 CVD deaths (20.6%) and 1,328 cancer deaths (53.5%), and mortality risk was evaluated for transient proteinuria and for transiently reduced renal function. The hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and cancer mortality were not significant, but that for cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher for transient proteinuria (HR, 1.94 [95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.96] in men and 2.78 [1.50-5.16] in women). On the other hand, transiently reduced renal function was not significant for either cardiovascular mortality risk or cancer mortality risk. We surmise that this is the first study of the mortality risk of transient dipstick proteinuria in a large general-population cohort with cause-specific death registration. Transiently positive proteinuria appears to be a significant risk specifically for cardiovascular mortality compared with definitely negative for proteinuria.
Topics: Aged; Cause of Death; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Middle Aged; Proteinuria; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 31577820
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223005