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World Journal of Microbiology &... Apr 2022Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic... (Review)
Review
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic conversion of lactose by transgalactosylation using β-galactosidase. The purity of the resulting product is low, typically limited to up to 55% GOS on total carbohydrate basis due to the presence of non-reacted lactose, and the formation of by-products glucose and galactose. In industrial practice high-purity GOS is manufactured by removing the unwanted mono- and disaccharides from raw GOS with simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. This purification step is associated with high processing cost that increases the price of pure GOS and limits its marketability. The last decades have witnessed a growing interest in developing competitive biotechnological processes that could replace chromatography. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the recent advancements of microbial GOS purification, a process commonly referred to as selective fermentation or selective metabolism. Purification strategies include: (i) removal of glucose alone or together with galactose by lactose negative yeast species, that typically results in purity values below 60% due to remaining lactose; (ii) removal of both mono- and disaccharides by combining the fast monosaccharide metabolizing capacity of some yeast species with efficient lactose consumption by certain lactose positive microbes, reaching GOS purity in the range of 60-95%; and (iii) the application of selected strains of Kluyveromyces species with high lactose metabolizing activity to achieve high-purity GOS that is practically free from lactose and monosaccharides.
Topics: Disaccharides; Galactose; Glucose; Lactose; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; beta-Galactosidase
PubMed: 35441950
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03279-4 -
Acta Biomaterialia Sep 2023Decellularized lung scaffolds and hydrogels are increasingly being utilized in ex vivo lung bioengineering. However, the lung is a regionally heterogenous organ with...
Decellularized lung scaffolds and hydrogels are increasingly being utilized in ex vivo lung bioengineering. However, the lung is a regionally heterogenous organ with proximal and distal airway and vascular compartments of different structures and functions that may be altered as part of disease pathogenesis. We previously described decellularized normal whole human lung extracellular matrix (ECM) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and functional ability to bind matrix-associated growth factors. We now determine differential GAG composition and function in airway, vascular, and alveolar-enriched regions of decellularized lungs obtained from normal, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. Significant differences were observed in heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA) content and CS/HS compositions between both different lung regions and between normal and diseased lungs. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that HS and CS from decellularized normal and COPD lungs similarly bound fibroblast growth factor 2, but that binding was decreased in decellularized IPF lungs. Binding of transforming growth factor β to CS was similar in all three groups but binding to HS was decreased in IPF compared to normal and COPD lungs. In addition, cytokines dissociate faster from the IPF GAGs than their counterparts. The differences in cytokine binding features of IPF GAGs may result from different disaccharide compositions. The purified HS from IPF lung is less sulfated than that from other lungs, and the CS from IPF contains more 6-O-sulfated disaccharide. These observations provide further information for understanding functional roles of ECM GAGs in lung function and disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lung transplantation remains limited due to donor organ availability and need for life-long immunosuppressive medication. One solution, the ex vivo bioengineering of lungs via de- and recellularization has not yet led to a fully functional organ. Notably, the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) remaining in decellularized lung scaffolds is poorly understood despite their important effects on cell behaviors. We have previously investigated residual GAG content of native and decellularized lungs and their respective functionality, and role during scaffold recellularization. We now present a detailed characterization of GAG and GAG chain content and function in different anatomical regions of normal diseased human lungs. These are novel and important observations that further expand knowledge about functional GAG roles in lung biology and disease.
Topics: Humans; Glycosaminoglycans; Lung; Chondroitin Sulfates; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Extracellular Matrix; Disaccharides
PubMed: 37433361
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.043 -
Revista Medica de Chile Sep 2019An increasing number of children and adults are currently suffering symptoms due to FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols)... (Review)
Review
An increasing number of children and adults are currently suffering symptoms due to FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols) consumption. These carbohydrates are poorly digested in the human gastrointestinal tract, exerting an osmotic effect in the small intestine. In the colon, they become substrates to the microbiota. Microbial fermentation explains symptoms such as abdominal distention (postprandial fullness), bloating and flatulence, abdominal pain and loose feces or diarrhea. There are no standardized methods to measure them in daily clinical work. Daily tolerance and the no-effect doses are unclear. How to diagnose and treat FODMAP associated symptoms is also controversial. In this review, we aim to define FODMAP, their associated symptoms and the current techniques for assessing them. The low-FODMAP diet is described and how to implement it.
Topics: Adult; Child; Disaccharides; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Polymers
PubMed: 33625451
DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872019000901167 -
Nutrients Oct 2022In adults, dietary management, particularly with the FODMAP diet, is a key evidence-based part of multimodal therapy for patients with disorders of the gut-brain... (Review)
Review
In adults, dietary management, particularly with the FODMAP diet, is a key evidence-based part of multimodal therapy for patients with disorders of the gut-brain interaction, particularly irritable bowel syndrome. This review aims to describe the evidence for the use of this diet and how to deliver it in paediatric practice. A literature review covering studies on the FODMAP diet in adult and paediatric settings was conducted. While the evidence for the efficacy and safety of a FODMAP diet delivered in three phases, restriction, rechallenge and personalisation, is considerable, there is a lack of good-quality clinical trials exploring the efficacy of the diet in children and adolescents. Likewise, there are limited data on safety concerns associated with a restrictive diet in paediatrics, including impacts on nutrition and growth, disordered eating behaviours, psychosocial and family issues and families and the gut microbiome. The evidence suggests that the implementation of a dietary program is enhanced by a skilled dietitian when navigating a young person (and family) through healthy eating strategies and/or FODMAP restrictions to ameliorate their symptoms. Since the FODMAP diet is being prescribed globally to children, a practical guide for clinicians used to optimise efficacy and safety is provided, including the less restrictive 'FODMAP-gentle' diet.
Topics: Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Child; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Fermentation; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Nutritional Status; Pediatrics; Monosaccharides; Disaccharides; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 36297053
DOI: 10.3390/nu14204369 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently overlap. Although, gluten-free diet (GFD) and low fermentable oligosaccharides,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) frequently overlap. Although, gluten-free diet (GFD) and low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) improve the IBS clinical picture, many aspects remain unclear. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate gluten tolerance, anxiety and quality of life in a specific study population. Fifty IBS patients were asked to follow a low FODMAP strict GFD for 6 weeks and were then randomly allocated to the following groups for a further 6 weeks: (A) receiving 8 g/day of gluten for 2 weeks; gluten-tolerating subjects received 16 g/day for 2 weeks and then 32 g/day for a further 2 weeks; (B) continuing to follow a low FODMAP strict GFD; and (C) receiving a gluten-containing diet. After the first 6 weeks, symptom scores significantly improved. Pain severity, bloating and total score were significantly decreased in the GFD and in the high-gluten groups, while the satiety score significantly increased in group C. Between-group analysis revealed significant differences for pain severity (p = 0.02), pain frequency (p = 0.04) and impact on community function (p = 0.02) at the end of the study. Our findings suggest that low FODMAP strict GFD could be prescribed in IBS patients and would reduce anxiety and improve the quality of life.
Topics: Diet, Gluten-Free; Disaccharides; Fermentation; Glutens; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Quality of Life; Single-Blind Method
PubMed: 35322144
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09055-6 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Mar 2021Described herein is the first example of glycosidation of thioglycosides in the presence of palladium(ii) bromide. While the activation with PdBr2 alone was proven...
Described herein is the first example of glycosidation of thioglycosides in the presence of palladium(ii) bromide. While the activation with PdBr2 alone was proven feasible, higher yields and cleaner reactions were achieved when these glycosylations were performed in the presence of propargyl bromide as an additive. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that propargyl bromide assists the reaction by creating an ionizing complex, which accelerates the leaving group departure. A variety of thioglycoside donors in reactions with different glycosyl acceptors were investigated to determine the initial scope of this new reaction. Selective and chemoselective activation of thioglycosides over other leaving groups has also been explored.
Topics: Catalysis; Disaccharides; Glycosylation; Palladium; Pargyline; Thioglycosides
PubMed: 33599667
DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00004g -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a Glycosaminoglycan made of disaccharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Its molecular mass can reach 10 MDa and its... (Review)
Review
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a Glycosaminoglycan made of disaccharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Its molecular mass can reach 10 MDa and its physiological properties depend on its polymeric property, polyelectrolyte feature and viscous nature. HA is a ubiquitous compound found in almost all biological tissues and fluids. So far, HA grades are produced by biotechnology processes, while in the human organism it is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in brain tissue, synovial fluid, vitreous humor, cartilage and skin. Indeed, HA is capable of forming hydrogels, polymer crosslinked networks that are very hygroscopic. Based on these considerations, we propose an overview of HA-based scaffolds developed for brain cancer treatment, central and peripheral nervous systems, discuss their relevance and identify the most successful developed systems.
Topics: Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Polyelectrolytes; Acetylglucosamine; Hydrogels; Glycosaminoglycans; Glucuronic Acid; Disaccharides; Nervous System; Tissue Scaffolds; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 36293030
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012174 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023L. (RRL) is a popular plant in traditional medicine, and Rosavin, a characteristic ingredient of RRL, is considered one of the most important active ingredients in it.... (Review)
Review
L. (RRL) is a popular plant in traditional medicine, and Rosavin, a characteristic ingredient of RRL, is considered one of the most important active ingredients in it. In recent years, with deepening research on its pharmacological actions, the clinical application value and demand for Rosavin have been steadily increasing. Various routes for the extraction and all-chemical or biological synthesis of Rosavin have been gradually developed for the large-scale production and broad application of Rosavin. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Rosavin has a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, lipid-lowering, analgesic, antiradiation, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Rosavin showed significant therapeutic effects on a range of chronic diseases, including neurological, digestive, respiratory and bone-related disorders during in vitro and vivo experiments, demonstrating the great potential of Rosavin as a therapeutic drug for diseases. This paper gives a comprehensive and insightful overview of Rosavin, focusing on its extraction and synthesis, pharmacological activities, progress in disease-treatment research and formulation studies, providing a reference for the production and preparation, further clinical research and applications of Rosavin in the future.
Topics: Plant Extracts; Rhodiola; Disaccharides; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37959831
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217412 -
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also... (Review)
Review
In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also been demonstrated to preserve the protein's structural integrity and to limit the aggregation of pathologically misfolded proteins. Both of these properties have made trehalose a promising therapeutic candidate to target autophagy-related disorders and protein aggregation diseases. Unfortunately, trehalose has poor bioavailability due to its hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Recently, trehalose-bearing carriers, in which trehalose is incorporated either by chemical conjugation or physical entrapment, have emerged as an alternative option to free trehalose to improve its efficacy, particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers. In the current Perspective, we discuss all existing literature in this emerging field and try to identify key challenges for researchers intending to develop trehalose-bearing carriers to stimulate autophagy or inhibit protein aggregation.
Topics: Humans; Trehalose; Protein Aggregates; Disaccharides; Autophagy; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 38031413
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01442 -
The American Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2022Food ingestion is a major symptom trigger in functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders and gastroparesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and... (Review)
Review
Food ingestion is a major symptom trigger in functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders and gastroparesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and identifies areas of research on the role of food factors and the opportunities for dietary intervention in these disorders. While many patients experiencing functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders identify specific food items as symptom triggers, available data do not allow the identification of specific nutrient groups that are more likely to induce symptoms. In functional dyspepsia (FD), recent studies have shown the potential efficacy of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, although the underlying mechanism of action is unclear. Reports of favorable responses to gluten elimination in patients with FD are confounded by the concomitant benefit of reduced intake of fructans, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols present in wheat. Emerging data based on a 6-food elimination diet and confocal laser endomicroscopic evaluation of mucosal responses to food proteins suggest a role for duodenal allergic reactions in FD symptom generation. In patients with gastroparesis, a low-residue diet has been shown to improve symptoms. Novel dietary approaches under evaluation are the Mediterranean diet and the heating/cooling diet approach.
Topics: Brain; Diet; Disaccharides; Dyspepsia; Fermentation; Gastroparesis; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 35417429
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001780