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Food Research International (Ottawa,... Feb 2023The effect of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) at 10, 20 and 30 % w/v on the in-vitro aroma partitioning of C -...
The effect of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) at 10, 20 and 30 % w/v on the in-vitro aroma partitioning of C - C aldehydes and ethyl esters, as well as limonene (concentration of aroma compounds at 1 μg mL), was studied using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. An increase in sugar concentration from 0 to 30 % w/v resulted in a significant increase in partitioning under static headspace conditions for the majority of the compounds (p < 0.05), an effect generally not observed when 10 % w/v sucrose was substituted with low-calorie sweeteners (p > 0.05). The complexity of the system was increased to model a soft drink design - comprising water, sucrose (10, 20 and 30 % w/v), acid (0.15 % w/v), carbonation (∼7.2 g/L CO) and aroma compounds representative of an apple style flavouring, namely ethyl butanoate and hexanal (10 μg mL each). Although the addition of sucrose had no significant in-vivo effect, carbonation significantly decreased breath-by-breath (in-vivo) aroma delivery (p < 0.05). To understand the physical mechanisms behind aroma release from the beverage matrix, the effect of sucrose on the kinetics of the matrix components was explored. An increase in sucrose concentration from 0 to 30 % w/v resulted in a significant decrease in water activity (p < 0.05), which accounted for the significantly slower rate of self-diffusion of aroma compounds (p < 0.05), measured using diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No significant effect of sucrose on carbon dioxide volume flux was found (p > 0.05).
Topics: Odorants; Sweetening Agents; Sucrose; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Beverages; Water
PubMed: 36737960
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112373 -
MSphere Apr 2022Yeast species in the and genera (W/S clade) thrive in the sugar-rich floral niche. We have previously shown that species belonging to this clade harbor an unparalleled...
Yeast species in the and genera (W/S clade) thrive in the sugar-rich floral niche. We have previously shown that species belonging to this clade harbor an unparalleled number of genes of bacterial origin, among which is the gene, encoding a sucrose-hydrolyzing enzyme. In this study, we used complementary and experimental approaches to examine sucrose utilization in a broader cohort of species representing extant diversity in the W/S clade. Distinct strategies and modes of sucrose assimilation were unveiled, involving either extracellular sucrose hydrolysis through secreted bacterial Suc2 or intracellular assimilation using broad-substrate-range α-glucoside/H symporters and α-glucosidases. The intracellular pathway is encoded in two types of gene clusters reminiscent of the clusters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where they are involved in maltose utilization. The genes composing each of the two types of clusters found in the W/S clade have disparate evolutionary histories, suggesting that they formed . Both transporters and glucosidases were shown to be functional and additionally involved in the metabolization of other disaccharides, such as maltose and melezitose. In one species lacking the α-glucoside transporter, maltose assimilation is accomplished extracellularly, an attribute which has been rarely observed in fungi. Sucrose assimilation in generally escaped both glucose repression and the need for an activator and is thus essentially constitutive, which is consistent with the abundance of both glucose and sucrose in the floral niche. The notable plasticity associated with disaccharide utilization in the W/S clade is discussed in the context of ecological implications and energy metabolism. Microbes usually have flexible metabolic capabilities and are able to use different compounds to meet their needs. The yeasts belonging to the and genera (forming the so-called W/S clade) are usually found in flowers or insects that visit flowers and are known for having acquired many genes from bacteria by a process called horizontal gene transfer. One such gene, dubbed , is used to assimilate sucrose, which is one of the most abundant sugars in floral nectar. Here, we show that different lineages within the W/S clade used different solutions for sucrose utilization that dispensed and differed in their energy requirements, in their capacity to scavenge small amounts of sucrose from the environment, and in the potential for sharing this resource with other microbial species. We posit that this plasticity is possibly dictated by adaptation to the specific requirements of each species.
Topics: Glucose; Glucosides; Humans; Maltose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycetales; Sucrose
PubMed: 35354279
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00035-22 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Jun 2023Alterations in gastrointestinal (GI) microbial composition have been reported in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, it is unclear to what degree these...
BACKGROUND
Alterations in gastrointestinal (GI) microbial composition have been reported in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, it is unclear to what degree these alterations and/or dietary changes contribute to the SSc-GI phenotype.
OBJECTIVES
Our study aimed to 1) evaluate the relationship between GI microbial composition and SSc-GI symptoms, and 2) compare GI symptoms and GI microbial composition between SSc patients adhering to a low versus non-low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet.
METHODS
Adult SSc patients were consecutively recruited to provide stool specimens for bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Patients completed the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument (GIT 2.0) and the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) II and were classified as adhering to a low or non-low FODMAP diet. GI microbial differences were assessed using three metrics of alpha diversity (species richness, evenness, and phylogenetic diversity), as well as beta diversity (overall microbial composition). Differential abundance analysis was performed to identify specific genera associated with SSc-GI phenotype and low versus non-low FODMAP diet.
RESULTS
Of the 66 total SSc patients included, the majority were women (n = 56) with a mean disease duration of 9.6 years. Thirty-five participants completed the DHQ II. Increased severity of GI symptoms (total GIT 2.0 score) was associated with decreased species diversity and differences in GI microbial composition. Specifically, pathobiont genera (e.g., Klebsiella and Enterococcus) were significantly more abundant in patients with increased GI symptom severity. When comparing low (N = 19) versus non-low (N = 16) FODMAP groups, there were no significant differences in GI symptom severity or in alpha and beta diversity. Compared with the low FODMAP group, the non-low FODMAP group had greater abundance of the pathobiont Enterococcus.
CONCLUSION
SSc patients reporting more severe GI symptoms exhibited GI microbial dysbiosis characterized by less species diversity and alterations in microbial composition. A low FODMAP diet was not associated with significant alterations in GI microbial composition or reduced SSc-GI symptoms; however, randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of specific diets on GI symptoms in SSc.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Diet; Disaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Monosaccharides; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Microbiota; Scleroderma, Systemic
PubMed: 36870237
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152185 -
Biomolecules Sep 2022Intestinal bacterial communities participate in gut homeostasis and are recognized as crucial in bowel inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). (), a pathobiont of the...
Intestinal bacterial communities participate in gut homeostasis and are recognized as crucial in bowel inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). (), a pathobiont of the oral microflora, has recently emerged as a CRC-associated microbe linked to disease progression, metastasis, and a poor clinical outcome; however, the primary cellular and/or microenvironmental targets of this agent remain elusive. We report here that directly targets putative colorectal cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs), a tumor cell subset endowed with cancer re-initiating capacity after surgery and chemotherapy. A patient-derived CSC line, highly enriched (70%) for the stem marker CD133, was expanded as tumor spheroids, dissociated, and exposed in vitro to varying amounts (range 100-500 MOI) of . We found that stably adheres to CSCs, likely by multiple interactions involving the tumor-associated Gal-GalNac disaccharide and the -docking protein CEA-family cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM-1), robustly expressed on CSCs. Importantly, elicited innate immune responses in CSCs and triggered a growth factor-like, protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascade largely dependent on CEACAM-1 and culminating in the activation of p42/44 MAP kinase. Thus, the direct stimulation of CSCs by may contribute to microbiota-driven colorectal carcinogenesis and represent a target for innovative therapies.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Colorectal Neoplasms; Disaccharides; Fusobacterium Infections; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Tyrosine
PubMed: 36139097
DOI: 10.3390/biom12091256 -
Gut Microbes 2021Human milk glycans present a unique diversity of structures that suggest different mechanisms by which they may affect the infant microbiome development. A humanized...
Human milk glycans present a unique diversity of structures that suggest different mechanisms by which they may affect the infant microbiome development. A humanized mouse model generated by infant fecal transplantation was utilized here to evaluate the impact of fucosyl-α1,3-GlcNAc (3FN), fucosyl-α1,6-GlcNAc, lacto--biose (LNB) and galacto--biose on the fecal microbiota and host-microbiota interactions. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that certain bacterial genera significantly increased ( and ) or decreased ( and ) in all disaccharide-supplemented groups. Interestingly, cluster analysis differentiates the consumption of fucosyl-oligosaccharides from galactosyl-oligosaccharides, highlighting the disappearance of genus in both fucosyl-oligosaccharides. An increment of the relative abundance of genus was only observed with 3FN. As well, LNB significantly increased the relative abundance of , whereas the absolute levels of this genus, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, did not significantly increase. OTUs corresponding to the species and were not present in the control after the 3-week intervention, but were shared among the donor and specific disaccharide groups, indicating that their survival is dependent on disaccharide supplementation. The 3FN-feeding group showed increased levels of butyrate and acetate in the colon, and decreased levels of serum HDL-cholesterol. 3FN also down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, and the Toll-like receptor 2 in the large intestine tissue. The present study revealed that the four disaccharides show efficacy in producing beneficial compositional shifts of the gut microbiota and in addition, the 3FN demonstrated physiological and immunomodulatory roles.
Topics: Acetates; Adult; Animals; Bacteria; Butyrates; DNA, Bacterial; Disaccharides; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Milk, Human; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Young Adult
PubMed: 33938391
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1914377 -
Genes Jun 2023Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are very important for plant growth, development, and abiotic stress tolerance. Galactinol synthase (GolS) and raffinose...
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are very important for plant growth, development, and abiotic stress tolerance. Galactinol synthase (GolS) and raffinose synthase (RFS) are critical enzymes involved in RFO biosynthesis. However, the whole-genome identification and stress responses of their coding genes in potato remain unexplored. In this study, four and nine genes were identified and classified into three and five subgroups, respectively. Remarkably, a total of two and four genes in potato were identified to form collinear pairs with those in both Arabidopsis and tomato, respectively. Subsequent analysis revealed that exhibited significantly high expression levels in transport-related tissues, PEG-6000, and ABA treatments, with remarkable upregulation under salt stress. Additionally, showed similar responses to , but and gene expression increased significantly under salt treatment and decreased in PEG-6000 and ABA treatments. Overall, these results lay a foundation for further research on the functional characteristics and molecular mechanisms of these two gene families in response to ABA, salt, and drought stresses, and provide a theoretical foundation and new gene resources for the abiotic-stress-tolerant breeding of potato.
Topics: Solanum tuberosum; Disaccharides; Plant Proteins; Plant Breeding; Stress, Physiological; Arabidopsis
PubMed: 37510251
DOI: 10.3390/genes14071344 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Dec 2019The complex sulfation motifs of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAGs) play critical roles in many important biological processes. However, an understanding of... (Review)
Review
The complex sulfation motifs of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAGs) play critical roles in many important biological processes. However, an understanding of their specific functions has been hampered by an inability to synthesize large numbers of diverse, yet defined, HS structures. Herein, we describe a new approach to access the four core disaccharides required for HS/heparin oligosaccharide assembly from natural polysaccharides. The use of disaccharides rather than monosaccharides as minimal precursors greatly accelerates the synthesis of HS GAGs, providing key disaccharide and tetrasaccharide intermediates in about half the number of steps compared to traditional strategies. Rapid access to such versatile intermediates will enable the generation of comprehensive libraries of sulfated oligosaccharides for unlocking the "sulfation code" and understanding the roles of specific GAG structures in physiology and disease.
Topics: Disaccharides; Heparitin Sulfate; Humans; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 31553820
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908805 -
Marine Drugs May 2023The skin is the largest organ of the human body, composed of a diverse range of cell types, non-cellular components, and an extracellular matrix. With aging, molecules...
The skin is the largest organ of the human body, composed of a diverse range of cell types, non-cellular components, and an extracellular matrix. With aging, molecules that are part of the extracellular matrix undergo qualitative and quantitative changes and the effects, such as a loss of skin firmness or wrinkles, can be visible. The changes caused by the aging process do not only affect the surface of the skin, but also extend to skin appendages such as hair follicles. In the present study, the ability of marine-derived saccharides, L-fucose and chondroitin sulphate disaccharide, to support skin and hair health and minimize the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging was investigated. The potential of the tested samples to prevent adverse changes in the skin and hair through stimulation of natural processes, cellular proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix components collagen, elastin, or glycosaminoglycans was investigated. The tested compounds, L-fucose and chondroitin sulphate disaccharide, supported skin and hair health, especially in terms of anti-aging effects. The obtained results indicate that both ingredients support and promote the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and dermal papilla cells, provide cells with a supply of sulphated disaccharide GAG building blocks, increase ECM molecule production (collagen and elastin) by HDFa, and support the growth phase of the hair cycle (anagen).
Topics: Humans; Elastin; Chondroitin Sulfates; Fucose; Cells, Cultured; Skin; Collagen; Fibroblasts; Disaccharides
PubMed: 37367655
DOI: 10.3390/md21060330 -
Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin,... Aug 2022Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a neurometabolic disorder, due to the deficit of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS). This leads to a severe...
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a neurometabolic disorder, due to the deficit of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS). This leads to a severe clinical condition caused by a multi-organ accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs/GAG) heparan- and dermatan-sulfate, whose elevated levels can be detected in body fluids. Since 2006, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been clinically applied, showing efficacy in some peripheral districts. In addition to clinical monitoring, GAG dosage has been commonly used to evaluate ERT efficacy. However, a strict long-term monitoring of GAG content and composition in body fluids has been rarely performed. Here, we report the characterization of plasma and urine GAGs in Ids knock-out (Ids-ko) compared to wild-type (WT) mice, and their changes along a 24-week follow-up, with and without ERT. The concentration of heparan-sulfate (HS), chondroitin-sulfate (CS), and dermatan-sulfate (DS), and of the non-sulfated hyaluronic acid (HA), together with their differentially sulfated species, was quantified by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. In untreated Ids-ko mice, HS and CS + DS were noticeably increased at all time points, while during ERT follow-up, a substantial decrease was evidenced for HS and, to a minor extent, for CS + DS. Moreover, several structural parameters were altered in untreated ko mice and reduced after ERT, however without reaching physiological values. Among these, disaccharide B and HS 2s disaccharide showed to be the most interesting candidates as biomarkers for MPS II. GAG chemical signature here defined provides potential biomarkers useful for an early diagnosis of MPS II, a more accurate follow-up of ERT, and efficacy evaluations of newly proposed therapies. KEY MESSAGES : Plasmatic and urinary GAGs are useful markers for MPS II early diagnosis and prognosis. CE-LIF allows GAG structural analysis and the quantification of 17 different disaccharides. Most GAG species increase and many structural features are altered in MPS II mouse model. GAG alterations tend to restore to wild-type levels following ERT administration. CS+DS/HS ratio, % 2,4dis CS+DS, and % HS 2s are potential markers for MPS II pathology and ERT efficacy.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Dermatan Sulfate; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Replacement Therapy; Glycosaminoglycans; Heparitin Sulfate; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mucopolysaccharidosis II
PubMed: 35816218
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02221-3 -
Critical Care Medicine Nov 2019To determine whether synthetic phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides provide antimicrobial protection in clinically relevant models of bacterial infection. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
To determine whether synthetic phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides provide antimicrobial protection in clinically relevant models of bacterial infection.
DESIGN
Laboratory study.
SETTING
University laboratory.
SUBJECTS
BALB/c, C57BL/10J, and C57BL/10ScNJ mice.
INTERVENTIONS
Mice were treated with lactated Ringer's (vehicle) solution, monophosphoryl lipid A, or phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides at 48 and 24 hours prior to intraperitoneal Pseudomonas aeruginosa or IV Staphylococcus aureus infection. Leukocyte recruitment, cytokine production, and bacterial clearance were measured 6 hours after P. aeruginosa infection. In the systemic S. aureus infection model, one group of mice was monitored for 14-day survival and another for S. aureus tissue burden at 3 days postinfection. Duration of action for 3-deacyl 6-Acyl phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide was determined at 3, 10, and 14 days using a model of intraperitoneal P. aeruginosa infection. Effect of 3-deacyl 6-Acyl phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide on in vivo leukocyte phagocytosis and respiratory burst was examined. Leukocyte recruitment, cytokine production, and bacterial clearance were measured after P. aeruginosa infection in wild-type and toll-like receptor 4 knockout mice treated with 3-deacyl 6-Acyl phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide or vehicle to assess receptor specificity.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
During intraperitoneal P. aeruginosa infection, phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides significantly attenuated infection-induced hypothermia, augmented leukocyte recruitment and bacterial clearance, and decreased cytokine production. At 3 days post S. aureus infection, bacterial burden in lungs, spleen, and kidneys was significantly decreased in mice treated with monophosphoryl lipid A or phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides, which was associated with improved survival. Leukocyte phagocytosis and respiratory burst functions were enhanced after treatment with monophosphoryl lipid A or phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides. A time course study showed that monophosphoryl lipid A- and 3-deacyl 6-Acyl phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide-mediated protection against P. aeruginosa lasts for up to 10 days. Partial loss of augmented innate antimicrobial responses was observed in toll-like receptor 4 knockout mice treated with 3-deacyl 6-Acyl phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide.
CONCLUSIONS
Phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharides significantly augment resistance against clinically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections via enhanced leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst functions of innate leukocytes. Improved antimicrobial protection persists for up to 10 days and is partially mediated through toll-like receptor 4.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cross Infection; Cytokines; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Hexosaminidase A; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Peritoneal Cavity; Random Allocation; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics, Nonparametric; Survival Rate
PubMed: 31567352
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003967