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International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Organophosphates (OPPs) are an important element of modern agriculture; however, because they are being used excessively, their residues are leaching and accumulating in...
Organophosphates (OPPs) are an important element of modern agriculture; however, because they are being used excessively, their residues are leaching and accumulating in the soil and groundwater, contaminating aquatic and terrestrial food chains. An important OPP called disulfoton is frequently used to eradicate pests from a wide range of crops, including Brazil's coffee crops. Additionally, it does not easily degrade in the environment, and as such, this compound can slowly build up in living organisms such as humans. Moreover, this compound has been classified as "extremely hazardous" by the World Health Organization. This study evaluated the degradation efficiency of disulfoton using a Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by magnetite nanoparticles and determined the toxicity of the by-products of the degradation process using the bioindicator . Further, the removal efficiency of disulfoton was determined to be 94% under optimal conditions. On the other hand, the bioassay showed different toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic outcomes even after the remediation process. In conclusion, the Fenton process catalyzed by magnetite nanoparticles presents great efficiency for the oxidation of disulfoton. However, it is important to highlight that the high degradation efficiency of the Fenton-based process was not sufficient to achieve detoxification of the samples.
Topics: Humans; Disulfoton; Oxidation-Reduction; Agriculture; Soil; Crops, Agricultural
PubMed: 36613108
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010786 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Feb 2022Disulfoton, an organophosphorus pesticide, is used to control cotton, beet, potato, and other seedling period aphids, leaf moths, underground pests, etc., with internal...
[Determination of disulfoton and its metabolites in agricultural products by dispersive soild phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
Disulfoton, an organophosphorus pesticide, is used to control cotton, beet, potato, and other seedling period aphids, leaf moths, underground pests, etc., with internal absorption, killing, gastric poisoning, and fumigation. Disulfoton is a highly toxic organophosphate pesticide, which can inhibit cholinesterase activity, resulting in neurophysiological disorders by inhalation, feeding, and transdermal absorption. Disulfoton is difficult to degrade in the environment, which leads to enrichment in organisms and interference with endocrine. This compound is harmful to the ecological environment and human health. To ensure the quality and safety of food, it is important to develop a detection method for disulfoton and its metabolites in agricultural products. A reliable method based on dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of disulfoton and its metabolites (disulfoton sulfone, disulfoton sulfoxide, demeton-, demeton- sulfone, and demeton- sulfoxide) in agricultural products (pea, asparagus, wheat, coffee bean, and peanut). The optimal extraction method was as follows: 5.0 g the samples were extracted with acetonitrile (wheat, coffee bean, and peanut presoaked in 5 mL water) in a 50 mL centrifuge tube, followed by 10 min vortex. Before 30 s vortex, 4 g NaCl was added. After 5 min centrifugation, 1.5 mL of the supernatant was cleaned up with 50 mg octadecylsilane bonded silica (C), 50 mg primary secondary amine (PSA), and 50 mg aminopropyl (NH) adsorbents. The analytes were separated on a Thermo Syncronis C column (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile at a column temperature of 40 ℃. The injection volume was 2 μL. Disulfoton and its metabolites were analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with positive electrospray ionization (ESI) for the selective quantification. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were accorded to the retention times and characteristic ion pairs with one parent ion and two fragment ions. Quantitative analysis was performed by an external standard method using matrix-matched calibration curves. All the parameters that affected the extraction efficiencies were optimized. C, PSA, and NH gave good recoveries of 87.9%-109.0%. Other adsorbents, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (OH-MWCNTs), carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs), octylsilane bonded silica (C), strong cation exchange (SCX) and neutral alumina (-AlO), led to recoveries below 56.2%. The combination of adsorbents was also considered. Seven different combinations of 50 mg C, 50 mg PSA, and 50 mg NH were chosen for the optimization experiments. There were no obvious differences in these combinations, and the target analytes recoveries ranged from 81.0% to 109.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.6% and 12.5%. The matrix effect could affect the extraction efficiency. The adsorbents of 50 mg C, 50 mg PSA, and 50 mg NH showed weaker matrix effects as compared with other combinations of adsorbents in the instrument. The results for the matrix effect showed that peanuts and asparagus exceeded 20%, requiring matrix-matched calibration curves. Under the optimized conditions, disulfoton and its metabolites showed good linearities (≥0.9981) in the range of 2.0-200.0 μg/L. The average spiked recoveries of disulfoton and its metabolites in peas, asparagus, wheat, peanuts, and coffee beans ranged from 75.0% to 110.0%, with RSDs of 0.7% to 14.9%. The limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.02 and 2.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5.0 μg/kg. The method was applied for the detection of 80 commercial productions, and neither disulfoton nor its metabolites were found. The proposed method is rapid, accurate, highly selective, and sensitive, and it is suitable for the simultaneous determination of disulfoton and its metabolites in grain, oil crops, vegetables, and other matrices.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disulfoton; Humans; Nanotubes, Carbon; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Solid Phase Extraction; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35080159
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.04028