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Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2022Anabolic steroid abuse is a growing health concern due to its relatively prevalent use and adverse health effects. These drugs cause significant disturbances of the... (Review)
Review
Anabolic steroid abuse is a growing health concern due to its relatively prevalent use and adverse health effects. These drugs cause significant disturbances of the body's endocrine system, and the most common somatic adverse drug reactions are gynaecomastia, infertility, testicular dysfunction, and acne. Furthermore, the use of anabolic steroids is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders and antisocial behaviour as summarised in this review.
Topics: Male; Humans; Anabolic Agents; Substance-Related Disorders; Testicular Diseases; Gynecomastia; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 36426813
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2023Studies indicate that cocaine abuse in Denmark is rising. The drug can damage the midface's nasal tissues, cartilage, and bone. Diagnosing the cocaine-induced midline... (Review)
Review
Studies indicate that cocaine abuse in Denmark is rising. The drug can damage the midface's nasal tissues, cartilage, and bone. Diagnosing the cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions condition is difficult as patients may not admit to drug use. Thus, this review finds that physicians should ask about cocaine abuse in younger patients who present with midline destructions of unknown origin. Mild symptoms are reversible with total abstinence, which is why it is important to involve addiction services early. Besides drug abstinence, comprehensive treatment involves assistance from GPs, physiatrists, rhinologists, and plastic surgeons.
Topics: Humans; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Nose; Cocaine; Substance-Related Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 37874002
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors :... Feb 2020Exercise holds potential to reduce substance use, but engaging patients in exercise regimens is challenging. Contingency management (CM) interventions can directly... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Exercise holds potential to reduce substance use, but engaging patients in exercise regimens is challenging. Contingency management (CM) interventions can directly address adherence by targeting initiation and maintenance of exercise behavior. This study evaluated the efficacy of a CM-reinforced exercise intervention as an adjunct to standard outpatient substance use disorder treatment. Participants were 120 patients with substance use disorders who were randomly assigned to standard care with CM for completing exercise goals or CM for completing general nonexercise goals weekly for a 4-month treatment period. Urine samples were tested for evidence of illicit substance use up to twice a week during treatment and at follow-ups through month 12. Results found that the CM-exercise condition demonstrated during-treatment improvements on several physical activity and relevant psychosocial functioning indices (e.g., self-efficacy for exercise). The CM-exercise condition had no advantage relative to the CM-general condition in decreasing substance use. Overall, this study adds to a small body of well-powered trials assessing effects of exercise interventions as adjunct treatment for substance use disorders and finds no benefit over an alternate CM approach in terms of drug abstinence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Outpatients; Reinforcement, Psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31599603
DOI: 10.1037/adb0000517 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Jun 2021This review highlights neuroimaging studies of HIV conducted over the last 2 years and discusses how relevant findings further our knowledge of the neuropathology of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review highlights neuroimaging studies of HIV conducted over the last 2 years and discusses how relevant findings further our knowledge of the neuropathology of HIV. Three major avenues of neuroimaging research are covered with a particular emphasis on inflammation, aging, and substance use in persons living with HIV (PLWH).
RECENT FINDINGS
Neuroimaging has been a critical tool for understanding the neuropathological underpinnings observed in HIV. Recent studies comparing levels of neuroinflammation in PLWH and HIV-negative controls show inconsistent results but report an association between elevated neuroinflammation and poorer cognition in PLWH. Other recent neuroimaging studies suggest that older PLWH are at increased risk for brain and cognitive compromise compared to their younger counterparts. Finally, recent findings also suggest that the effects of HIV may be exacerbated by alcohol and drug abuse. These neuroimaging studies provide insight into the structural, functional, and molecular changes occurring in the brain due to HIV. HIV triggers a strong neuroimmune response and may lead to a cascade of events including increased chronic inflammation and cognitive decline. These outcomes are further exacerbated by age and age-related comorbidities, as well as lifestyle factors such as drug use/abuse.
Topics: Aging; Brain; HIV Infections; Humans; Neuroimaging; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33630240
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00548-z -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2021Illicit drugs and substances of abuse are increasingly used by adults and teenagers, with novel substances constantly becoming available. Many substances can cause... (Review)
Review
Illicit drugs and substances of abuse are increasingly used by adults and teenagers, with novel substances constantly becoming available. Many substances can cause ocular effects or visually threatening conditions. Current literature informing eye-care practitioners on these effects is scant. The present scoping review reports the ocular effects of most commonly used drugs and substances of abuse in the teenage and adult populations of North America. Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE databases were searched for publications from 1980 to 2019 regarding ocular effects of drug use. The selected papers regarded human subjects, in either teenage or adult population and included all types of studies, including case reports. Publications in English or in French were included. Exclusion criteria were publications about the use of prescriptions drugs, drug withdrawal, and publications about the use of alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis. Some 241 papers were retained and analysed. The use of various drugs and substances can lead to damage to structures throughout the eye, including but not limited to corneal conditions, glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, maculopathies and endophthalmitis. The data presented in this review may help guide clinicians in their diagnosis and treatment of certain ocular conditions, which could otherwise not be linked to drug use.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Endophthalmitis; Eye; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Retinal Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33722158
DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1878852 -
Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego,... 2022Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is the best characterized receptor selectively activated by trace amines. It is broadly expressed in the monoaminergic system...
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is the best characterized receptor selectively activated by trace amines. It is broadly expressed in the monoaminergic system in the brain including ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal raphe (DR) and substantial nigra (SN). Extensive studies have suggested that TAAR1 plays an important role in the modulation of monoaminergic system, especially dopamine (DA) transmission which may underlie the mechanisms by which TAAR1 interventions affect drug abuse-like behaviors. TAAR1 activation inhibits the rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs from different classes including psychostimulants, opioid and alcohol as well as drug-induced increase in DA accumulation. The mechanisms of TAAR1's function in mediating drug abuse-like behaviors are not clear. However, it is hypothesized that TAAR1 interaction with DA transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2) and the subsequent modulation of cellular cascades may contribute to the effects of TAAR1 in regulating drug abuse. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of TAAR1 in other drugs of abuse-related behaviors and its safety and efficacy for prolonged medications. Together, TAAR1 inhibits drug-induced DA transmission and drug abuse-related behaviors. Therefore, TAAR1 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of drug addiction.
Topics: Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dopamine; Humans; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35341572
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.005 -
Journal of Neurochemistry Jun 2021The actions of dopamine are essential to relapse to drug seeking but we still lack a precise understanding of how dopamine achieves these effects. Here we review recent... (Review)
Review
The actions of dopamine are essential to relapse to drug seeking but we still lack a precise understanding of how dopamine achieves these effects. Here we review recent advances from animal models in understanding how dopamine controls relapse to drug seeking. These advances have been enabled by important developments in understanding the basic neurochemical, molecular, anatomical, physiological and functional properties of the major dopamine pathways in the mammalian brain. The literature shows that although different forms of relapse to seeking different drugs of abuse each depend on dopamine, there are distinct dopamine mechanisms for relapse. Different circuit-level mechanisms, different populations of dopamine neurons and different activity profiles within these dopamine neurons, are important for driving different forms of relapse. This diversity highlights the need to better understand when, where and how dopamine contributes to relapse behaviours.
Topics: Animals; Dopamine; Drug-Seeking Behavior; Humans; Nucleus Accumbens; Recurrence; Reward; Substance-Related Disorders; Ventral Tegmental Area
PubMed: 33486769
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15309 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2019
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Biomarkers; Ethanol; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31915508
DOI: 10.1155/2019/4780852 -
The European Journal of Neuroscience Aug 2019Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive... (Review)
Review
Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive-like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia-neural communication, and the profound effects that glial-derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region-specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug-associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug-induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Microglia; Neuroglia; Neurons; Substance-Related Disorders; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 30240518
DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14163 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Dec 2021Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is a major public health and social problem worldwide. Mostly abused drugs mainly include opioids such as morphine, tramadol, methadone and...
Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs is a major public health and social problem worldwide. Mostly abused drugs mainly include opioids such as morphine, tramadol, methadone and fentanyl, sedative-hypnotics such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines, and central stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) and modafinil. Abuse of pharmaceutical drugs not only causes direct damage to multiple systems of the body, but also significantly increases risks of mental and physical diseases, imposing a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Therefore, the prevention and control of pharmaceutical drug abuse are of vital importance. The Chinese government has taken strict administration measures for pharmaceutical drugs with abuse risk. However, confronting endless new drugs and changing abuse trends, it is necessary to further strengthen management and prevention of pharmaceutical drugs, monitor the trend of abuse, establish rapid response mechanisms, popularize relevant knowledge, and develop specific therapeutic drugs and intervention means, in order to promote prevention and treatment of pharmaceutical drug abuse.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35243843
DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.310403