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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2023Cancer metabolism is how cancer cells utilize nutrients and energy to support their growth and proliferation. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have a unique metabolic... (Review)
Review
Cancer metabolism is how cancer cells utilize nutrients and energy to support their growth and proliferation. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have a unique metabolic profile that allows them to generate energy and the building blocks they need for rapid growth and division. This metabolic profile is marked by an increased reliance on glucose and glutamine as energy sources and changes in how cancer cells use and make key metabolic intermediates like ATP, NADH, and NADPH. This script analyzes a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in tumor metabolism, identifying the key unresolved issues, elaborates on how tumor cells differ from normal cells in their metabolism of nutrients, and explains how tumor cells conflate growth signals and nutrients to proliferate. The metabolic interaction of tumorigenesis and lipid metabolism within the tumor microenvironment and the role of ROS as an anti-tumor agent by mediating various signaling pathways for clinical cancer therapeutic targeting are outlined. Cancer metabolism is highly dynamic and heterogeneous; thus, advanced technologies to better investigate metabolism at the unicellular level without altering tumor tissue are necessary for better research and clinical transformation. The study of cancer metabolism is an area of active research, as scientists seek to understand the underlying metabolic changes that drive cancer growth and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Energy Metabolism; Glycolysis; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37031495
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114658 -
Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Feb 2021The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is characterized by increased uptake of various nutrients including glutamine. Glutamine metabolism provides the required... (Review)
Review
The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is characterized by increased uptake of various nutrients including glutamine. Glutamine metabolism provides the required substances for glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and affects the homeostasis of carbohydrate,fat and protein metabolism to induce the chemoresistance of tumor cells. Combination of chemotherapeutic agents with inhibitors specific to different components of glutamine metabolic pathway has obtained favorable clinical results on various tumors. Glutamine metabolic pathway plays a role in drug resistance of tumor cells in various ways. Firstly,the dynamic change of glutamine transporters can directly affect intracellular glutamine content thereby causing drug resistance; secondly,tumor stromal cells including adipocyte,fibroblast and metabolite from tumor microenvironment would give rise to immune-mediated drug resistance; thirdly,the expression and activity of key enzymes in glutamine metabolism also has a critical role in drug resistance of tumors. This article reviews the effects of glutamine metabolic pathway in the development of tumor chemoresistance,in terms of transporters,tumor microenvironment and metabolic enzymes,to provide insight for improving the therapeutic efficacy for drug-resistant tumors.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Glutamine; Glycolysis; Humans; Neoplasms; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34117847
DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0040 -
Targeting succinylation-mediated metabolic reprogramming as a potential approach for cancer therapy.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2023Metabolic reprogramming is a common hallmark of cancers and involves alterations in many metabolic pathways during tumor initiation and progression. However, the... (Review)
Review
Metabolic reprogramming is a common hallmark of cancers and involves alterations in many metabolic pathways during tumor initiation and progression. However, the cancer-specific modulation of metabolic reprogramming requires further elucidation. Succinylation, a newly identified protein posttranslational modification (PTM), participates in many cellular processes by transferring a succinyl group to a residue of the target protein, which is related to various pathological disorders including cancers. In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the number of studies on the regulation of tumors by protein succinylation. Notably, accumulating evidence suggests that succinylation can mediate cancer cell metabolism by altering the structure or activity of metabolism-related proteins and plays vital roles in metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, some antitumor drugs have been linked to succinylation-mediated tumor-associated metabolism. To better elucidate lysine succinylation mediated tumor metabolic reprogramming, this review mainly summarizes recent studies on the regulation and effects of protein succinylation in tumors, focusing on the metabolic regulation of tumorigenesis and development, which will provide new directions for cancer diagnosis as well as possible therapeutic targets.
Topics: Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37852104
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115713 -
Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the... Dec 2023Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity of therapeutics. Over the past two decades,...
Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity of therapeutics. Over the past two decades, significant advancements in in vitro methodologies, targeted proteomics, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methods, and integrated computational approaches such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling have unequivocally contributed to improving our ability to quantitatively predict the role of DMETs in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and drug-drug interactions. However, the paucity of data regarding alterations in DMET activity in specific populations such as pregnant individuals, lactation, pediatrics, geriatrics, organ impairment, and disease states such as, cancer, kidney, and liver diseases and inflammation has restricted our ability to realize the full potential of these recent advancements. We envision that a series of carefully curated articles in a special supplementary issue of will summarize the latest progress in in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches to characterize alteration in DMET activity and quantitatively predict drug disposition in specific populations. In addition, the supplementary issue will underscore the current scientific knowledge gaps that present formidable barriers to fully understand the clinical implications of altered DMET activity in specific populations and highlight opportunities for multistakeholder collaboration to advance our collective understanding of this rapidly emerging area. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This commentary highlights current knowledge and identifies gaps and key challenges in understanding the role of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in drug disposition in specific populations. With this commentary for the special issue in , the authors intend to increase interest and invite potential contributors whose research is focused or has aided in expanding the understanding around the role and impact of DMETs in drug disposition in specific populations.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Child; Membrane Transport Proteins; Liver Diseases; Drug Interactions; Inflammation; Metabolic Clearance Rate
PubMed: 37775331
DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001453 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Olanzapine, aripiprazole and risperidone are atypical antipsychotics or neuroleptics widely used for schizophrenia treatment. They induce various adverse drug reactions... (Review)
Review
Olanzapine, aripiprazole and risperidone are atypical antipsychotics or neuroleptics widely used for schizophrenia treatment. They induce various adverse drug reactions depending on their mechanisms of action: metabolic effects, such as weight gain and alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism; hyperprolactinemia and extrapyramidal effects, such as tremor, akathisia, dystonia, anxiety and distress. In this review, we listed polymorphisms associated with individual response variability to olanzapine, aripiprazole and risperidone. Olanzapine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, whereas aripiprazole and risperidone metabolism is mainly mediated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Polymorphisms in these genes and other enzymes and transporters, such as enzymes from the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1), are associated to differences in pharmacokinetics. The three antipsychotics act on dopamine and serotonin receptors, among others, and several studies found associations between polymorphisms in these genes and variations in the incidence of adverse effects and in the response to the drug. Since olanzapine is metabolized by CYP1A2, a lower starting dose should be considered in patients treated with fluvoxamine or other CYP1A2 inhibitors. Regarding aripiprazole, a reduced dose should be administered in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs). Additionally, a reduction to a quarter of the normal dose is recommended if the patient is treated with concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors. Risperidone dosage should be reduced for CYP2D6 PMs and titrated for CYPD6 ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs). Moreover, risperidone dose should be evaluated when a CYP2D6, CYP3A4 or ABCB1 inhibitor is administered concomitantly.
PubMed: 34335273
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711940 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022Enzymatic oxidations of thiophenes, including thiophene-containing drugs, are important for biodesulfurization of crude oil and drug metabolism of mono- and poly-cyclic... (Review)
Review
Enzymatic oxidations of thiophenes, including thiophene-containing drugs, are important for biodesulfurization of crude oil and drug metabolism of mono- and poly-cyclic thiophenes. Thiophene oxidative dearomatization pathways involve reactive metabolites, whose detection is important in the pharmaceutical industry, and are catalyzed by monooxygenase (sulfoxidation, epoxidation) and dioxygenase (sulfoxidation, dihydroxylation) enzymes. Sulfoxide and epoxide metabolites of thiophene substrates are often unstable, and, while -dihydrodiol metabolites are more stable, significant challenges are presented by both types of metabolite. Prediction of the structure, relative and absolute configuration, and enantiopurity of chiral metabolites obtained from thiophene enzymatic oxidation depends on the substrate, type of oxygenase selected, and molecular docking results. The racemization and dimerization of sulfoxides, / epimerization of dihydrodiol metabolites, and aromatization of epoxides are all factors associated with the mono- and di-oxygenase-catalyzed metabolism of thiophenes and thiophene-containing drugs and their applications in chemoenzymatic synthesis and medicine.
Topics: Biotransformation; Catalysis; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dioxygenases; Inactivation, Metabolic; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Protein Binding; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfoxides; Thiophenes
PubMed: 35055091
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020909 -
Plant Physiology Dec 2021Recent insights about the transport mechanisms involved in the in and out of calcium ions in plant organelles, and their role in the regulation of cytosolic calcium... (Review)
Review
Recent insights about the transport mechanisms involved in the in and out of calcium ions in plant organelles, and their role in the regulation of cytosolic calcium homeostasis in different signaling pathways.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Biological Transport; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cytosol; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Organelles; Plant Cells; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33905517
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab189 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Sep 2019Iron, an indispensable element for life, is involved in all kinds of important physiological activities. Iron promotes cell growth and proliferation, but it also causes... (Review)
Review
Iron, an indispensable element for life, is involved in all kinds of important physiological activities. Iron promotes cell growth and proliferation, but it also causes oxidative stress damage. The body has a strict regulation mechanism of iron metabolism due to its potential toxicity. As a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells, leukemia threatens human health seriously. Current studies suggest that dysregulation of iron metabolism and subsequent accumulation of excess iron are closely associated with the occurrence and progress of leukemia. Specifically, excess iron promotes the development of leukemia due to the pro-oxidative nature of iron and its damaging effects on DNA. On the other hand, leukemia cells acquire large amounts of iron to maintain rapid growth and proliferation. Therefore, targeting iron metabolism may provide new insights for approaches to the treatment of leukemia. This review summarizes physiologic iron metabolism, alternations of iron metabolism in leukemia and therapeutic opportunities of targeting the altered iron metabolism in leukemia, with a focus on acute leukemia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metal Nanoparticles; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 31519186
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1397-3