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Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Apr 2022The task of the first sunscreens was to prevent the development of sunburn and, following the spirit of the 1950/1960s, to not impair the tanning of the skin. The need... (Review)
Review
The task of the first sunscreens was to prevent the development of sunburn and, following the spirit of the 1950/1960s, to not impair the tanning of the skin. The need to quantify the protective performance soon arose. Originally with the help of natural-nowadays artificial-sunlight, a method was developed to determine a sun protection factor (SPF). It is formally defined as a ratio between minimum erythema-effective UV dose on sunscreen-protected skin and minimum erythema-effective UV dose on unprotected skin (ISO 24444:2019). Three observations question the suitability of the method. (1) Interlaboratory variability: Despite strict standardization, results of SPF determinations from different laboratories are subject to large variations. (2) Natural vs. artificial sunlight: The radiation spectrum of artificial sunlight differs from that of natural sunlight. SPFs determined with artificial sunlight (as depicted on all sunscreens currently on the market) are significantly too high compared to SPF determination with natural sunlight. (3) Erythema burden: When determining SPF, subjects are exposed to potentially harmful radiation. Against this background alternative methods-in vitro SPF, hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (HDRS) and in silico calculations-are presented. These have the potential to replace the current method. As an immediate measure, it is recommended to return to the comprehensible description of low, medium, high, and very high protection and in the future to take into account the spectrum of natural sunlight.
Topics: Erythema; Humans; Sun Protection Factor; Sunburn; Sunlight; Sunscreening Agents
PubMed: 35333933
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04958-x -
Jornal de Pediatria 2023Determine the frequency of dermatological diagnoses in preterm newborns up to 28 days of life and associated perinatal factors.
OBJECTIVES
Determine the frequency of dermatological diagnoses in preterm newborns up to 28 days of life and associated perinatal factors.
METHOD
a cross-sectional analytical study with a convenience sample and prospective data collection, was conducted between November 2017 and August 2019. Overall, 341 preterm newborns who had been admitted to a University hospital - including those admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - were evaluated.
RESULTS
61 (17.9%) had less than 32 weeks gestational age (GA), with a mean GA and birth weight of 33.9 ± 2.8 weeks and 2107.8 ± 679.8g (465 to 4230g), respectively. The median age at the time of evaluation was 2.9 days (4 h to 27 days). The frequency of dermatological diagnoses was 100% and 98.5% of the sample had two or more, with an average of 4.67+1.53 dermatoses for each newborn. The 10 most frequent diagnoses were lanugo (85.9%), salmon patch (72.4%), sebaceous hyperplasia (68.6%), physiological desquamation (54.8%), dermal melanocytosis (38.7%), Epstein pearls (37.2%), milia (32.2%), traumatic skin lesions (24%), toxic erythema (16.7%), and contact dermatitis (5%). Those with GA< 28 weeks showed more traumatic injuries and abrasions, whereas those with ≥ 28 weeks had physiological changes more frequently, and those with GA between 34-36 weeks, had transient changes.
CONCLUSION
Dermatological diagnoses were frequent in our sample and those with higher GA showed a higher frequency of physiological (lanugo and salmon patch) and transient changes (toxic erythema and miliaria). Traumatic lesions and contact dermatitis were among the 10 most frequent injuries, reinforcing the need to effectively implement neonatal skin care protocols, especially in preterm.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Cross-Sectional Studies; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Birth Weight; Erythema; Gestational Age; Dermatitis, Contact; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
PubMed: 37172615
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2023.04.005 -
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine... Oct 2021To identify the optimal intensity and duration of cupping that would minimize mechanical skin deformation.
OBJECTIVE
To identify the optimal intensity and duration of cupping that would minimize mechanical skin deformation.
METHODS
We developed an optical measurement probe and system for measuring skin color values in real time. We applied cupping at the following five Bladder Meridian acupoints. To investigate optimal intensity, negative pressure intensity was increased every 2 min up to 80 kPa. To investigate optimal time, 10 measurement sites were selected and negative pressure intensities of 30, 60, and 80 kPa were applied for 5 min each. Skin color information was analyzed by the following skin color values: red color saturation, erythema index, and melanin index.
RESULTS
The red color saturation and erythema index increased steadily up to 60 kpa negative pressure intensity, then decreased between 60 and 80 kPa. Therefore, maximal values were observed at 60 kPa. The melanin index consistently increased with increasing negative pressure intensity. The red color saturation and erythema index did not change after 20 s at 60 kPa negative pressure intensity. For negative pressure intensities below 80 kPa, significant changes in melanin index were not observed after 20 s. At 80 kPa negative pressure intensity, the melanin index exhibited an increasing pattern for 200 s, then showed no changes.
CONCLUSIONS
To minimize skin deformation, 60 kPa and 20 s were the appropriate intensity and duration when using red color saturation and erythema index as diagnostic indexes. Because of the increasing pattern up to 80 kPa negative pressure intensity, the optimal intensity of melanin index could not be determined. When applying 80 kPa negative pressure intensity and using melanin index as the diagnostic index, we recommend a duration of 200 s.
Topics: Erythema; Humans; Melanins; Skin; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 34708641
DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2021.05.015 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jan 2020Skin color evaluation contributes to assessment of an individual's cutaneous phenotype. Skin color changes provide important clues to disease progression or treatment... (Review)
Review
Skin color evaluation contributes to assessment of an individual's cutaneous phenotype. Skin color changes provide important clues to disease progression or treatment response. Skin color is also a predictor of skin cancer risk. Melanin pigment, blood flow, skin thickness, and photoaging contribute to skin color. Melanin, hemoglobin, bilirubin, and carotene are the primary chromophores of skin color. Their concentrations vary depending on the individual's phenotype, anatomic location, external insults of chemical irritants and UVR, and physiological changes. The evaluation and perception of skin color are often subjective. Objective quantification of skin color can be achieved with colorimetric devices such as tristimulus colorimeters. These devices compute the intensity of light reflected from skin and correlate with pigmentation and erythema. Cutaneous color and color changes can be quantified under color organization systems, such as the CIELAB color space, which is standardized by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). The CIELAB expresses color's lightness, red/green intensity, and yellow/blue intensity, as L*, a*, and b* values, respectively. Additionally, skin color's full spectral characteristics and cutaneous physiology can be measured with spectrophotometers. This article outlines basic principles of the CIELAB color system and how to optimally use colorimetric devices as a skin research tool.
Topics: Colorimetry; Erythema; Humans; Melanins; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Skin Pigmentation; Spectrophotometry; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 31864431
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.003 -
Chinese Medical Journal Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Erythema Infectiosum; Lymphadenopathy
PubMed: 37592836
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002789 -
Experimental Dermatology Mar 2021Physician rating of cutaneous erythema is central to clinical dermatological assessment as well as quantification of outcome measures in clinical trials in a number of...
Physician rating of cutaneous erythema is central to clinical dermatological assessment as well as quantification of outcome measures in clinical trials in a number of dermatologic conditions. However, issues with inter-rater reliability and variability in the setting of higher Fitzpatrick skin types make visual erythema assessment unreliable. We developed and validated a computer-assisted image-processing algorithm (EQscore) to reliably quantify erythema (across a range of skin types) in the dermatology clinical setting. Our image processing algorithm evaluated erythema based upon green light suppression differentials between affected and unaffected skin. A group of four dermatologists used a 4-point Likert scale as a human evaluation of similar erythematous patch tests. The algorithm and dermatologist scores were compared across 164 positive patch test reactions. The intra-class correlation coefficient of groups and the correlation coefficient between groups were calculated. The EQscore was validated on and independent image set of psoriasis, minimal erythema dose testing and steroid-induced blanching images. The reliability of the erythema quantification method produced an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.84 for the algorithm and 0.67 for dermatologists. The correlation coefficient between groups was 0.85. The EQscore demonstrated high agreement with clinical scoring and superior reliability compared with clinical scoring, avoiding the pitfalls of erythema underrating in the setting of pigmentation. The EQscore is easily accessible (http://lab.rockefeller.edu/krueger/EQscore), user-friendly, and may allow dermatologists to more readily and accurately rate the severity of dermatological conditions and the response to therapeutic treatments.
Topics: Algorithms; Biomarkers; Color; Dermatitis; Erythema; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Observer Variation; Patch Tests; Photography; Reproducibility of Results; Severity of Illness Index; Skin; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 33113259
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14224 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... May 2022
Topics: Duloxetine Hydrochloride; Erythema Multiforme; Humans
PubMed: 35522835
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.21cr02983 -
Acta Clinica Croatica Aug 2022Numerous oral changes develop as a result of dysfunctional eating behavior in patients with eating disorders (ED). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation...
Numerous oral changes develop as a result of dysfunctional eating behavior in patients with eating disorders (ED). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among oral manifestations, age, disease duration and nutritional status in pediatric patients with ED. The study included 50 female ED patients, median age 14 (range 10-18) years and median disease duration 9 (range 1-42) months. Nutritional status was expressed as z-score for body mass index (BMI). Mean BMI z-score was -2.10±1.64. The most commonly observed oral findings were dental plaque, marginal gingivitis, morsicatio, dental calculus, caries, pharyngeal erythema, exfoliative cheilitis and angular cheilitis. Dental plaque and pharyngeal erythema were correlated with shorter disease duration (p=0.048; p=0.040), while frictional keratosis of tongue was correlated with longer disease duration (0.011). Linea alba and pain in the temporomandibular joint were associated with younger age (p=0.012; p=0.024), and tooth impression on tongue with lower degree of nutrition (p=0.030). This study showed that there was a link among oral manifestations, age, disease duration and degree of nutritional disorder, although further investigations comparing the groups of ED patients with different age, disease duration and nutritional status would give better, concrete and precise conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Child; Female; Infant; Cheilitis; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Erythema; Dental Caries
PubMed: 36818917
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2022.61.02.03 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2023
Topics: Humans; Erythema Induratum; Skin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Antitubercular Agents
PubMed: 36820661
DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0465-2022 -
Kidney360 May 2022
Topics: Aged; Catheterization, Central Venous; Catheters, Indwelling; Erythema; Female; Humans; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 36128475
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000592022