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Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2020Vitiligo, a common depigmenting skin disorder, has an estimated prevalence of 0.5-2% of the population worldwide. The disease is characterized by the selective loss of... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo, a common depigmenting skin disorder, has an estimated prevalence of 0.5-2% of the population worldwide. The disease is characterized by the selective loss of melanocytes which results in typical nonscaly, chalky-white macules. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo which is now clearly classified as an autoimmune disease. Vitiligo is often dismissed as a cosmetic problem, although its effects can be psychologically devastating, often with a considerable burden on daily life. In 2011, an international consensus classified segmental vitiligo separately from all other forms of vitiligo, and the term vitiligo was defined to designate all forms of nonsegmental vitiligo. This review summarizes the current knowledge on vitiligo and attempts to give an overview of the future in vitiligo treatment.
Topics: Humans; Oxidative Stress; Quality of Life; Vitiligo
PubMed: 32155629
DOI: 10.1159/000506103 -
American Family Physician Jul 2019Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated reaction that involves the skin and sometimes the mucosa. Classically described as target-like, the erythema multiforme lesions... (Review)
Review
Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated reaction that involves the skin and sometimes the mucosa. Classically described as target-like, the erythema multiforme lesions can be isolated, recurrent, or persistent. Most commonly, the lesions of erythema multiforme present symmetrically on the extremities (especially on extensor surfaces) and spread centripetally. Infections, especially herpes simplex virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and medications constitute most of the causes of erythema multiforme; immunizations and autoimmune diseases have also been linked to erythema multiforme. Erythema multiforme can be differentiated from urticaria by the duration of individual lesions. Erythema multiforme lesions are typically fixed for a minimum of seven days, whereas individual urticarial lesions often resolve within one day. Erythema multiforme can be confused with the more serious condition, Stevens-Johnson syndrome; however, Stevens-Johnson syndrome usually contains widespread erythematous or purpuric macules with blisters. The management of erythema multiforme involves symptomatic treatment with topical steroids or antihistamines and treating the underlying etiology, if known. Recurrent erythema multiforme associated with the herpes simplex virus should be treated with prophylactic antiviral therapy. Severe mucosal erythema multiforme can require hospitalization for intravenous fluids and repletion of electrolytes.
Topics: Erythema Multiforme; Humans
PubMed: 31305041
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Oct 2022Monkeypox is caused by a pox virus closely related to smallpox virus and spreads from animals to humans, and humans to humans following close contact. Prior smallpox... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is caused by a pox virus closely related to smallpox virus and spreads from animals to humans, and humans to humans following close contact. Prior smallpox vaccination gives partial protection against monkeypox. The steady increase in monkeypox cases in Africa over the past few decades were ignored by the global scientific community till this year, when more than 16,000 cases have been reported from nonendemic countries. Monkeypox has recently been labelled as a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO. While most of the current cases are in men who have sex with men, there is the larger threat of the disease spilling into the general population. The disease is characterized by a short febrile illness with lymphadenopathy followed by a rash which spreads centrifugally and passes through phases of macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules. Recovery occurs in most patients within 2-4 wk. Complications are more likely in children, pregnant women, and the immunocompromised. Specific diagnosis is by detection of viral DNA by PCR. Treatment is largely symptomatic. Tecorivimat is a promising antiviral drug. Vaccination with the currently available smallpox vaccines is recommended for high-risk groups, health care workers, and close contacts. Control of the monkeypox outbreak needs a multipronged effort comprising enhanced surveillance, quick diagnosis, isolation of affected people, ring immunization, and adoption of "one health" approach.
Topics: Animals; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Antiviral Agents; DNA, Viral; Homosexuality, Male; Mpox (monkeypox); Sexual and Gender Minorities; Smallpox; Smallpox Vaccine
PubMed: 35947269
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04348-0 -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2021Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation (ADMH) is an umbrella term that includes disorders clinically characterized by small and large pigmented macules/patches and... (Review)
Review
Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation (ADMH) is an umbrella term that includes disorders clinically characterized by small and large pigmented macules/patches and histopathologically showing an evidence of current or resolved interface dermatitis with pigment incontinence, without clinically significant prior inflammatory phase. The term intends to include diseases previously described in the literature as lichen planus pigmentosus, Riehl's melanosis/pigmented cosmetic dermatitis and ashy dermatosis/erythema dyschromicum perstans. The nomenclature and origin of these disorders have always been a matter of discussion. These disorders share many clinicopathological similarities, are difficult to treat and adversely affect the quality of life. Recent consensus points towards the need for a unifying term to facilitate research and therapeutic trials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent advances in ADMH.
PubMed: 34667751
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_881_20 -
La Clinica Terapeutica 2020To better understand the real prevalence of cutaneous manifestations, in Neurofibromatosis type 1. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To better understand the real prevalence of cutaneous manifestations, in Neurofibromatosis type 1.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed all clinical charts of 1102 NF1 patients followed by February 1983 to February 2020 at the "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. NF1 patients are seen usually every year by a dermatologist.
RESULT
Café-au-lait macules were shown in 1063 patients (96.5%), axillary and inguinal freckling in 991 (90%) and neurofibromas in 861 (78.1%). Other skin manifestations included: lipoma (6.2%), nevus anemicus (3.9%), psoriasis (3.4%), spilus nevus (3.2%), juvenile xanthogranuloma (3.2%), vitiligo (2.3%), Becker's nevus (1.9%), melanoma (0.7%) and poliosis (0.5%).
CONCLUSION
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a multisystem disorder primarily involving the skin and nervous system. The clinical manifestations are extremely variable even within a family. This study was performed to delineate the prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in NF1.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Neurofibromatosis 1; Prevalence; Skin Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 32901776
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2020.2242 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jan 2021Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We... (Review)
Review
Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed library and Google Scholar for published literature since December 2019 until September 2020. Finally, we selected 35 articles including case reports, case series and letters to editor. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, whitish areas, hemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The most common sites of involvement in descending order were tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%). Suggested diagnoses of the lesions were aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, Kawasaki-like, EM-like, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa-like, angular cheilitis, atypical Sweet syndrome, and Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome. Oral lesions were symptomatic in 68% of the cases. Oral lesions were nearly equal in both genders (49% female and 51% male). Patients with older age and higher severity of COVID-19 disease had more widespread and sever oral lesions. Lack of oral hygiene, opportunistic infections, stress, immunosuppression, vasculitis, and hyper-inflammatory response secondary to COVID-19 are the most important predisposing factors for onset of oral lesions in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth Diseases; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33236823
DOI: 10.1111/dth.14578 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2021Pigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPD) include several skin diseases characterized by multiple petechial hemorrhage as consequence of capillaritis. PPD generally present... (Review)
Review
Pigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPD) include several skin diseases characterized by multiple petechial hemorrhage as consequence of capillaritis. PPD generally present with red to purple macules that progressively evolve to golden-brown color as the hemosiderin is reabsorbed. These lesions, often asymptomatic or associated with mild pruritus, usually occur on the lower extremities and may be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge both for general practitioners and specialists in internal medicine or flebology. Clinical presentations include many subtypes that have been described over the years, although histology is usually superimposable. Prompt recognition and patient reassurance on the benign nature of these diseases is crucial. In this comprehensive review, we focused on pathogenesis and clinical pictures.
PubMed: 34070260
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112283 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Vitiligo is an acquired hypopigmentation of the skin due to a progressive selective loss of melanocytes; it has a prevalence of 1-2% and appears as rounded,... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo is an acquired hypopigmentation of the skin due to a progressive selective loss of melanocytes; it has a prevalence of 1-2% and appears as rounded, well-demarcated white macules. The etiopathology of the disease has not been well defined, but multiple factors contribute to melanocyte loss: metabolic abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Therefore, a convergence theory was proposed that combines all existing theories into a comprehensive one in which several mechanisms contribute to the reduction of melanocyte viability. In addition, increasingly in-depth knowledge about the disease's pathogenetic processes has enabled the development of increasingly targeted therapeutic strategies with high efficacy and fewer side effects. The aim of this paper is, by conducting a narrative review of the literature, to analyze the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the most recent treatments available for this condition.
Topics: Humans; Vitiligo; Hypopigmentation; Melanocytes; Skin; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 36902341
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054910