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Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2022The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing magnesium oxide (MgO) with calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO)] on ruminal fermentation with or...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing magnesium oxide (MgO) with calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO)] on ruminal fermentation with or without the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO). Eight fermentors of a dual-flow continuous-culture system were distributed in a replicated (2) 4 × 4 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (magnesium sources × NaHCO). The treatments tested were 0.21% MgO [MgO; dry matter (DM) basis; 144.8 mEq of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)]; 0.21% MgO + 0.50% NaHCO (MgO+NaHCO; DM basis; 205.6 mEq of DCAD); 1.00% CaMg(CO) [CaMg(CO); DM basis; 144.8 mEq of DCAD]; and 1.00% CaMg(CO) + 0.50% NaHCO [CaMg(CO)+NaHCO; DM basis; 205.6 mEq of DCAD]. Diets were formulated to have a total of 0.28% of Mg (DM basis). The experiment consisted of 40 d, which was divided into 4 periods of 10 d each, where 7 d were used for adaptation and 3 d for sampling to determine pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia (NH-N), lactate, mineral solubility, N metabolism, and nutrient digestibility. The effects of Mg source [MgO vs. CaMg(CO)], NaHCO (with vs. without), and the interaction were tested with the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute). There was no Mg source × NaHCO interaction in the pH variables and mineral solubility, and Mg sources evaluated did not affect the variables related to ruminal pH and solubility of Mg. On the other hand, the inclusion of NaHCO increased the pH daily average, independent of Mg source, which led to a reduced time that pH was below 5.8 and decreased area under the curve. Total VFA and lactate concentration were similar among treatments regardless of NaHCO and Mg source; however, the molar proportion of isobutyrate and NH-N concentration were lower in diets with CaMg(CO) compared with MgO. Moreover, NaHCO inclusion increased NH-N, total daily NH-N flow, isobutyrate concentration, and acid detergent fiber digestibility. Our results showed that CaMg(CO) leads to a lower NH-N concentration and isobutyrate proportion. Therefore, because most of the tested variables were not significantly different between MgO and CaMg(CO) when combined or not with NaHCO, CaMg(CO) can be a viable alternative source to replace MgO in dairy cow diets without affecting mineral solubility, ruminal pH, nutrient digestibility, total VFA, and the main ruminal VFA. Although Mg sources are known to have an alkalizing effect, NaHCO inclusion in diets with Mg supplementation allowed an increase in ruminal pH, as well as an increase in isobutyrate and NH-N flow.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Carbonate; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Female; Fermentation; Magnesium; Magnesium Oxide; Nutrients; Rumen; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 35123778
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20995 -
RSC Advances Jun 2021Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science, engineering, and technology concerning the materials in nanoscale dimensions. Several materials are used in dentistry,... (Review)
Review
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science, engineering, and technology concerning the materials in nanoscale dimensions. Several materials are used in dentistry, which can be modified by applying nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has various applications in dentistry to achieve reliable treatment outcomes. The most common nanometals used in dental materials are gold, silver, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide (ZnO). ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with their unparalleled properties such as high selectivity, enhanced cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and easy synthesis as important materials were utilized in the field of dentistry. With this background, the present review aimed to discuss the current progress and gain an insight into applications of ZnO NPs in nanodentistry, including restorative, endodontic, implantology, periodontal, prosthodontics, and orthodontics fields.
PubMed: 35479373
DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10789a -
Membranes Apr 2023The occurrence of heavy metal ions in water is intractable, and it has currently become a serious environmental issue to deal with. The effects of calcining magnesium...
The occurrence of heavy metal ions in water is intractable, and it has currently become a serious environmental issue to deal with. The effects of calcining magnesium oxide at 650 °C and the impacts on the adsorption of pentavalent arsenic from water are reported in this paper. The pore nature of a material has a direct impact on its ability to function as an adsorbent for its respective pollutant. Calcining magnesium oxide is not only beneficial in enhancing its purity but has also been proven to increase the pore size distribution. Magnesium oxide, as an exceptionally important inorganic material, has been widely studied in view of its unique surface properties, but the correlation between its surface structure and physicochemical performance is still scarce. In this paper, magnesium oxide nanoparticles calcined at 650 °C are assessed to remove the negatively charged arsenate ions from an aqueous solution. The increased pore size distribution was able to give an experimental maximum adsorption capacity of 115.27 mg/g with an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/L. Non-linear kinetics and isotherm models were studied to identify the adsorption process of ions onto the calcined nanoparticles. From the adsorption kinetics study, the non-linear pseudo-first order showed an effective adsorption mechanism, and the most suitable adsorption isotherm was the non-linear Freundlich isotherm. The resulting values of other kinetic models, namely Webber-Morris and Elovich, were still below those of the non-linear pseudo-first-order model. The regeneration of magnesium oxide in the adsorption of negatively charged ions was determined by making comparisons between fresh and recycled adsorbent that has been treated with a 1 M NaOH solution.
PubMed: 37233536
DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050475 -
Bioactive Materials Dec 2023Artificial bone grafting materials such as collagen are gaining interest due to the ease of production and implantation. However, collagen must be supplemented with...
Artificial bone grafting materials such as collagen are gaining interest due to the ease of production and implantation. However, collagen must be supplemented with additional coating materials for improved osteointegration. Here, we report room-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) of MgO, a novel method to coat collagen membranes with MgO. Characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron beam dispersion mapping confirm the chemical nature of the film. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopies show the surface topography and morphology of the collagen fibers were not altered during the ALD of MgO. Slow release of magnesium ions promotes bone growth, and we show the deposited MgO film leaches trace amounts of Mg when incubated in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C. The coated collagen membrane had a superhydrophilic surface immediately after the deposition of MgO. The film was not toxic to human cells and demonstrated antibacterial properties against bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, studies performed on calvaria rats showed MgO-coated membranes (200 and 500 ALD) elicit a higher inflammatory response, leading to an increase in angiogenesis and a greater bone formation, mainly for Col-MgO500, compared to uncoated collagen. Based on the characterization of the MgO film and and data, the MgO-coated collagen membranes are excellent candidates for guided bone regeneration.
PubMed: 37521273
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.013 -
Chemosphere Jul 2023Electrocoagulation was investigated as a method for treating wastewater containing polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) from the furniture industry. The study evaluated the...
Electrocoagulation was investigated as a method for treating wastewater containing polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) from the furniture industry. The study evaluated the evolution of iron concentration and passivation during the treatment process. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inter-electrode distance (d), current density, and mode on treatment performance. Three values of d (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 cm) were studied and found to have no significant effect on performance. However, lower d values resulted in reduced energy consumption due to a decrease in applied voltage. Three values of current density (132, 158, and 197 A m) were studied under two current modes, Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Pulsed Current (APC). The best treatment performance for DC occurred under 158 A m (the treated wastewater was characterized by pH = 4.59 ± 0.02, conductivity = 996 ± 21 μS cm, COD = 1940 ± 55 mgO L, TSS = 105 ± 14 mg L, and Fe = 50.39 ± 1.87 mgFe L). For APC, the best performance was achieved under 197 A m (the treated wastewater was characterized by pH = 6.33 ± 0.06, conductivity = 988 ± 17 μS cm, COD = 1942 ± 312 mgO L, TSS = 199 ± 55 mg L, and Fe = 44.68 ± 4.60 mgFe L). Despite the promising results, treatment performance was insufficient to meet the legal requirements for water discharge. APC was found to be a more economically viable approach, as it reduced anode wear, electrode passivation, and energy consumption. The quantity of iron released increased with d, and the effect of current density on iron concentration was found to be non-linear. However, applying APC reduced the iron content for all tested current densities. The tests showed that EC was effective in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), achieving removal efficiencies above 92% and 99%, respectively. However, the studied treatment procedures were insufficient to meet the EU legal requirements for water discharge. Therefore, the obtained wastewater should undergo a post-treatment process.
Topics: Wastewater; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Interior Design and Furnishings; Magnesium Oxide; Industrial Waste; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Electrocoagulation; Electrodes; Iron; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36963577
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138500 -
Polymers Aug 2021Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles exhibits great potential to minimize the generation of chemical waste through the utilization of non-toxic precursors. In this...
Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles exhibits great potential to minimize the generation of chemical waste through the utilization of non-toxic precursors. In this research work, we report the synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) and cobalt oxide (CoO) nanoparticles through a green approach using leaves extract, their surface modification by polyaniline (PANI), and antifungal properties against . Textural and structural characterization of modified and unmodified metal oxide nanoparticles were evaluated using FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. The optimal conditions for inhibition of were achieved by varying nanoparticles' concentration and time exposure. Results demonstrate that PANI/MgO nanoparticles were superior in function relative to PANI/CoO nanoparticles to control the growth rate of at optimal conditions (time exposure of 72 h and nanoparticles concentration of 24 mM). A percentage decrease of 73.2% and 65.1% in fungal growth was observed using PANI/MgO and PANI/CoO nanoparticles, respectively, which was higher than the unmodified metal oxide nanoparticles (67.5% and 63.2%).
PubMed: 34451208
DOI: 10.3390/polym13162669 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023Magnesium oxide (MgO) is one of the most used Mg supplements in livestock. However, to avoid relying upon only one Mg source, it is important to have alternative Mg...
Magnesium oxide (MgO) is one of the most used Mg supplements in livestock. However, to avoid relying upon only one Mg source, it is important to have alternative Mg sources. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the interaction of two Mg sources with buffer use on the ruminal microbiota composition, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Twenty lactating Holstein cows were blocked by parity and days in milk into five blocks with four cows each, in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Within blocks, cows were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) MgO; 2) MgO + Na sesquicarbonate (MgO+); 3) calcium-magnesium hydroxide (CaMgOH); 4) CaMgOH + Na sesquicarbonate (CaMgOH+). For 60 d, cows were individually fed a corn silage-based diet, and treatments were top-dressed. Ruminal fluid was collected via an orogastric tube, for analyses of the microbiota composition, volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The microbiota composition was analyzed using V4/16S rRNA gene sequencing, and taxonomy was assigned using the Silva database. Statistical analysis was carried out following the procedures of block design analysis, where block and cow were considered random variables. Effects of Mg source, buffer, and the interaction between Mg Source × Buffer were analyzed through orthogonal contrasts. There was no interaction effect of the two factors evaluated. There was a greater concentration of NH3-N, lactate, and butyrate in the ruminal fluid of cows fed with CaMg(OH)2, regardless of the buffer use. The increase in these fermentation intermediates/ end-products can be explained by an increase in abundance of micro-organisms of the genus Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Butyrivibrio, which are micro-organisms mainly responsible for proteolysis, lactate-production, and butyrate-production in the rumen, respectively. Also, dietary buffer use did not affect the ruminal fermentation metabolites and pH; however, an improvement of the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral fiber detergent (NDF), and acid fiber detergent (ADF) were found for animals fed with dietary buffer. In summary, there was no interaction effect of buffer use and Mg source, whereas buffer improved total tract apparent digestibility of DM and OM through an increase in NDF and ADF digestibility and CaMg(OH)2 increased ruminal concentration of butyrate and abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; Magnesium; Fermentation; Magnesium Oxide; Detergents; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Digestion; Milk; Diet; Butyrates; Zea mays; Microbiota; Lactates; Rumen
PubMed: 37350733
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad211 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022As a rapid repair material, magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) can be used under various environmental temperature conditions, but different temperatures significantly...
As a rapid repair material, magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) can be used under various environmental temperature conditions, but different temperatures significantly impact its strength and working performance. In this study, based on the surface modification of magnesium oxide, the working and mechanical properties of samples were investigated at an ambient temperature of -5 °C, and the hydration properties and microstructure of MPC were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), mercury-in-pressure (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the modified magnesium oxide at a negative temperature prolongs the setting time of MPC from 10 min to more than 30 min, and fluidity can still be maintained or increased after half an hour. From 1 d to 28 d, the compressive strength growth rate of the reference group was 257.0% compared to 723.8% for the 10 wt% water-glass-modified MgO sample. K-struvite transformed from a blocky growth to a needle-like growth with the modified sample filling the pores and cracks inside the matrix. Compared with the unmodified sample, MPC's porosity decreased from 9.62% to 9.23% for 10 wt% water-glass-modified MgO. Therefore, the surface modification of magnesium oxide not only prolonged the setting time but also further benefited mechanical performance, which provides the prerequisites for MPC construction in negative-temperature environments.
PubMed: 36556853
DOI: 10.3390/ma15249047 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2022This experiment evaluated ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle consuming a corn-based finishing diet that included different levels of a...
This experiment evaluated ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle consuming a corn-based finishing diet that included different levels of a magnesium oxide (MG) blend. Yearling cattle (58 heifers and 62 steers) were ranked by sex and initial body weight (BW; 407 ± 3.1 kg), and allocated to 4 groups of 30 animals each. Groups were housed in one of four drylot pens (30 × 12 m) equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems (Model 6000E, 4 bunks/pen) during the experiment (days -14 to 117). On day 0, groups were randomly assigned to receive a total-mixed ration without (CON; n = 30) or with the inclusion (as-fed basis) of MG at 0.25% (MG25; n = 30), 0.50% (MG50; n = 30), or 0.75% (MG75; n = 30) until slaughter on day 118. Individual feed intake was recorded daily, and BW was recorded every 14 d and prior to slaughter (day 117). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112, and hair samples were collected on days 0, 56, and 112 from the tail-switch. On day 42, eight rumen-cannulated steers (BW = 492 ± 8.0 kg) were housed with yearling cattle (1 pair/pen). Pairs rotated among groups every 14 d, resulting in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 8/treatment; days 42 to 98). Rumen pH was measured on days 7 and 14 of each period (0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 h). Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine if inclusion of MG (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75% of the diet) yielded linear or quadratic effects, and to explore overall effect of MG supplementation (CON vs. MG25 + MG50 + MG75). No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.31) for BW gain, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Cattle supplemented with MG tended to have less carcass marbling (P = 0.07) compared with CON. Inclusion of MG linearly increased (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of magnesium and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.09) mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin. Cattle supplemented with MG had greater (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of cortisol compared with CON. Hair cortisol concentration did not differ between treatments on day 56 (P ≥ 0.25) and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with MG inclusion on day 112 (treatment × day; P = 0.02). Inclusion of MG linearly increased (P = 0.03) mean rumen pH, but these outcomes were mostly noted during the last two sampling of the day (treatment × hour; P = 0.02). Collectively, supplemental MG was effective in controlling rumen pH in cattle receiving a corn-based finishing diet, but without improvements in feedlot performance and carcass merit.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Magnesium Oxide; Rumen
PubMed: 34951640
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab375 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Nov 2023Titanium (Ti) dental implants face risks of early failure due to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. It is thus necessary to endow the implant surface with...
Titanium (Ti) dental implants face risks of early failure due to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. It is thus necessary to endow the implant surface with antibacterial ability. In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO) coatings were prepared on Ti by combining micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The MgO nanoparticles homogeneously deposited on the microporous surface of MAO-treated Ti, yielding increasing coverage with the EPD time increased to 15 to 60 s. After co-culture with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, the coatings produced antibacterial rates of 4-53 %, 27-71 %, and 39-79 %, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, EPD for 45 s offered satisfactory comprehensive performance, with an antibacterial rate 79 % at 72 h and a relative cell viability 85 % at 5 d. Electron and fluorescence microscopies revealed that, both the density of adherent bacterial adhesion on the surface and the proportion of viable bacteria decreased with the EPD time. The morphology of cells on the surface of each group was intact and there was no significant difference among the groups. These results show that, the MgO coating deposited on MAO-treated Ti by EPD had reasonably good in vitro antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility.
Topics: Magnesium Oxide; Titanium; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Prostheses and Implants; Surface Properties
PubMed: 38012792
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04390-4