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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020Osteoporosis and allergic diseases are important causes of morbidity, and traditionally their coexistence has been attributed to causality, to independent processes,... (Review)
Review
Osteoporosis and allergic diseases are important causes of morbidity, and traditionally their coexistence has been attributed to causality, to independent processes, and they were considered unrelated. However, the increasing knowledge in the field of osteoimmunology and an increasing number of epidemiological and biological studies have provided support to a correlation between bone and allergy that share pathways, cells, cytokines and mediators. If the link between allergic pathology and bone alterations appears more subtle, there are conditions such as mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic or hyper-IgE syndromes characterized by the proliferation of cells or hyper-production of molecules that play a key role in allergies, in which this link is at least clinically more evident, and the diseases are accompanied by frank skeletal involvement, offering multiple speculation cues. The pathophysiological connection of allergy and osteoporosis is currently an intriguing area of research. The aim of this review is to summarize and bring together the current knowledge and pursue an opportunity to stimulate further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Autophagy; Bone and Bones; Cell Proliferation; Chronic Urticaria; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Atopic; Eczema; Eosinophils; Fractures, Bone; Histamine; Humans; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation Mediators; Job Syndrome; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Milk; Osteoporosis; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Urticaria; Vitamin D
PubMed: 31973226
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030712 -
British Journal of Haematology Mar 2020Mastocytosis is a rare disease with varied presentation, myriad symptomatology and variable prognosis. Most patients present with cutaneous disease and mediator-related... (Review)
Review
Mastocytosis is a rare disease with varied presentation, myriad symptomatology and variable prognosis. Most patients present with cutaneous disease and mediator-related symptomatology with a small subset having systemic disease (systemic mastocytosis, SM). A subset of the latter develops synchronous or metachronous haematologic neoplasms (SM-AHN), most commonly chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML). Advanced systemic mastocytosis (ASM) is seen in a relatively small number of patients and is usually associated with organ dysfunction, and may present with hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and ascites with progression to leukaemic transformation (mast cell leukaemia/acute myeloid leukaemia) occurring in a few patients. This paper discusses the clinical and pathologic features of the entire spectrum of SM in adults.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic; Mastocytosis, Systemic
PubMed: 31985050
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16288 -
Blood Advances Jun 2024Certain laboratory abnormalities correlate with subvariants of systemic mastocytosis (SM) and are often prognostically relevant. To assess the diagnostic and prognostic...
Certain laboratory abnormalities correlate with subvariants of systemic mastocytosis (SM) and are often prognostically relevant. To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of individual serum chemistry parameters in SM, 2607 patients enrolled within the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis and 575 patients enrolled within the German Registry on Eosinophils and Mast Cells were analyzed. For screening and diagnosis of SM, tryptase was identified as the most specific serum parameter. For differentiation between indolent and advanced SM (AdvSM), the following serum parameters were most relevant: tryptase, alkaline phosphatase, β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, vitamin B12, and C-reactive protein (P < .001). With regard to subvariants of AdvSM, an elevated LDH of ≥260 U/L was associated with multilineage expansion (leukocytosis, r = 0.37, P < .001; monocytosis, r = 0.26, P < .001) and the presence of an associated myeloid neoplasm (P < .001), whereas tryptase levels were highest in mast cell leukemia (MCL) vs non-MCL (308μg/L vs 146μg/L, P = .003). Based on multivariable analysis, the hazard-risk weighted assignment of 1 point to LDH (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.0; P = .018) and 1.5 points each to β2-microglobulin (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4-5.4; P = .004) and albumin (HR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7-6.5; P = .001) delineated a highly predictive 3-tier risk classification system (0 points, 8.1 years vs 1 point, 2.5 years; ≥1.5 points, 1.7 years; P < .001). Moreover, serum chemistry parameters enabled further stratification of patients classified as having an International Prognostic Scoring System for Mastocytosis-AdvSM1/2 risk score (P = .027). In conclusion, serum chemistry profiling is a crucial tool in the clinical practice supporting diagnosis and prognostication of SM and its subvariants.
Topics: Humans; Mastocytosis, Systemic; Prognosis; Registries; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Tryptases
PubMed: 38593217
DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012756 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Feb 2021The aim of this systematic review is to present the proposed theories of pathogenesis for idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA), to discuss its classification, its diagnostic... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of this systematic review is to present the proposed theories of pathogenesis for idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA), to discuss its classification, its diagnostic approach, and management.
RECENT FINDINGS
IA represents a major diagnostic challenge and is diagnosed when excluding the possible identifiable triggers of anaphylaxis. The current research, however, revealed that certain conditions including mastocytosis, mast cell activation syndromes, and hereditary alpha tryptasemia can masquerade and overlap with its symptomatology. Also, newly identified galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose mammalian red meat allergy has recently been recognized as underlying cause of anaphylaxis in some cases that were previously considered as IA. IA comprises a heterogenous group of conditions where, in some cases, inherently dysfunctional mast cells play a role in pathogenesis. The standard trigger avoidance strategies are ineffective, and episodes are unpredictable. Therefore, prompt recognition and treatment as well as prophylaxis are critical. The patients should always carry an epinephrine autoinjector.
Topics: Allergists; Anaphylaxis; Diagnosis, Differential; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Tryptases
PubMed: 33560495
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-00988-y -
Blood Jan 2022Circulating tumor mast cells (CTMCs) have been identified in the blood of a small number of patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis (SM). However, data are limited...
Circulating tumor mast cells (CTMCs) have been identified in the blood of a small number of patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis (SM). However, data are limited about their frequency and prognostic impact in patients with MC activation syndrome (MCAS), cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) and nonadvanced SM. We investigated the presence of CTMCs and MC-committed CD34+ precursors in the blood of 214 patients with MCAS, CM, or SM using highly sensitive next-generation flow cytometry. CTMCs were detected at progressively lower counts in almost all patients with advanced SM (96%) and smoldering SM (SSM; 100%), nearly half of the patients (45%) with indolent SM (ISM), and a few patients (7%) with bone marrow (BM) mastocytosis but were systematically absent in patients with CM and MCAS (P < .0001). In contrast to CTMC counts, the number of MC-committed CD34+ precursors progressively decreased from MCAS, CM, and BM mastocytosis to ISM, SSM, and advanced SM (P < .0001). Clinically, the presence (and number) of CTMCs in blood of patients with SM in general and nonadvanced SM (ISM and BM mastocytosis) in particular was associated with more adverse features of the disease, poorer-risk prognostic subgroups as defined by the International Prognostic Scoring System for advanced SM (P < .0001) and the Global Prognostic Score for mastocytosis (P < .0001), and a significantly shortened progression-free survival (P < .0001) and overall survival (P = .01). On the basis of our results, CTMCs emerge as a novel candidate biomarker of disseminated disease in SM that is strongly associated with advanced SM and poorer prognosis in patients with ISM.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD34; Female; Humans; Male; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Middle Aged; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Prognosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 34496018
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012694 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the expansion and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in various tissues. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM)... (Review)
Review
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the expansion and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in various tissues. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) is a rare and most severe form of cutaneous mastocytosis, which typically occurs in childhood. There have been reports of a familial DCM with specific gene mutations, indicating both sporadic and hereditary factors involved in its pathogenesis. DCM is associated with severe MC mediator-related symptoms and an increased risk of anaphylaxis. The diagnosis is based on the appearance of skin lesions, which typically show generalized thickening, erythroderma, blistering dermographism, and a positive Darier's sign. Recognition, particularly in infants, is challenging due to DCMs resemblance to other bullous skin disorders. Therefore, in unclear cases, a skin biopsy is crucial. Treatment focuses on symptom management, mainly including antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers. In extremely severe cases, systemic steroids, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phototherapy, or omalizumab may be considered. Patients should be equipped with an adrenaline autoinjector. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive review of literature data on DCM since 1962, which could help to better understand both the management and prognosis of DCM, which depends on the severity of skin lesions, intensity of mediator-related symptoms, presence of anaphylaxis, and treatment response.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Anaphylaxis; Rare Diseases; Mastocytosis, Cutaneous; Mastocytosis; Skin; Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous; Mast Cells
PubMed: 38338679
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031401 -
Theranostics 2021In systemic mastocytosis (SM), the clinical features and survival vary greatly. Patient-related factors determining the outcome in SM are largely unknown. We examined...
In systemic mastocytosis (SM), the clinical features and survival vary greatly. Patient-related factors determining the outcome in SM are largely unknown. We examined the impact of sex on the clinical features, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in 3403 patients with mastocytosis collected in the registry of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM). The impact of cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations on sex differences was analyzed in a subset of patients. Of all patients enrolled, 55.3% were females. However, a male predominance was found in a subset of advanced SM (AdvSM) patients, namely SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm (SM-AHN, 70%; 0.001). Correspondingly, organomegaly (male: 23% female: 13%, 0.007) was more, whereas skin involvement (male: 71% female: 86%, 0.001) was less frequent in males. In all patients together, OS ( 0.0001) was significantly inferior in males, and also within the WHO sub-categories indolent SM, aggressive SM (ASM) and SM-AHN. PFS was significantly ( 0.0002) worse in males when all patients were grouped together; due to low numbers of events, this significance persisted only in the subcategory smoldering SM. Finally, prognostically relevant cytogenetic abnormalities (10% 5%, 0.006) or molecular aberrations (// profile; 63% 40%, 0.003) were more frequently present in males. Male sex has a major impact on clinical features, disease progression, and survival in mastocytosis. Male patients have an inferior survival, which seems related to the fact that they more frequently develop a multi-mutated AdvSM associated with a high-risk molecular background.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia, Mast-Cell; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Mastocytosis, Systemic; Middle Aged; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Repressor Proteins; Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors; Sex Factors; Skin Diseases; Splenomegaly; Survival Rate; Young Adult
PubMed: 33391475
DOI: 10.7150/thno.51872 -
BMC Cancer Jan 2023Mastocytosis is a very rare disorder and is divided into three prognostically distinct variants by World Health Organization: Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), systemic...
Mastocytosis is a very rare disorder and is divided into three prognostically distinct variants by World Health Organization: Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), systemic mastocytosis (SM), and mast cell sarcoma or localized mast cell (MC) tumors. The wide range of complaints may cause patients to consult various clinics, with resulting mis- or underdiagnosis. Therefore, cooperation between different subspecialties is of paramount importance. In this article, we have compiled 104 adult mastocytosis cases diagnosed and followed in our Hematology and other clinics. 86 (82.7%) of 104 patients had systemic mastocytosis. Osteoporosis, disease-related complications, and secondary malignancies are important topics in this group. We know that indolent form has great survival. But smoldering or aggressive mastocytosis has a poor prognosis. CM and indolent SM have a significantly better prognosis compared to aggressive SM (p < 0.001). We found that the presence of more than 25% of mast cells in the bone marrow, the presence of concomitant marrow dysplasia, and the presence of disease-related complications affect survival (p < 0.001). In addition to the WHO classification, the IPSM scoring system is indicative of the prognosis in this rare disease.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mastocytosis, Systemic; Mastocytosis; Mast Cells; Bone Marrow; Prognosis; Myeloproliferative Disorders
PubMed: 36694141
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10498-3 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Feb 2023Current and developing mast cell therapeutics are reliant on small molecule drugs and biologics, but few are truly selective for mast cells. Most have cellular and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Current and developing mast cell therapeutics are reliant on small molecule drugs and biologics, but few are truly selective for mast cells. Most have cellular and disease-specific limitations that require innovation to overcome longstanding challenges to selectively targeting and modulating mast cell behavior. This review is designed to serve as a frame of reference for new approaches that utilize nanotechnology or combine different drugs to increase mast cell selectivity and therapeutic efficacy.
AREAS COVERED
Mast cell diseases include allergy and related conditions as well as malignancies. Here, we discuss the targets of existing and developing therapies used to treat these disease pathologies, classifying them into cell surface, intracellular, and extracellular categories. For each target discussed, we discuss drugs that are either the current standard of care, under development, or have indications for potential use. Finally, we discuss how novel technologies and tools can be used to take existing therapeutics to a new level of selectivity and potency against mast cells.
EXPERT OPINION
There are many broadly and very few selectively targeted therapeutics for mast cells in allergy and malignant disease. Combining existing targeting strategies with technology like nanoparticles will provide novel platforms to treat mast cell disease more selectively.
Topics: Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Mast Cells; Biological Products; Neoplasms; Mast Cell Activation Disorders; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 36629456
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2166926 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Mar 2021Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterised by the accumulation and/or proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MCs) in one or several organs. It may present with a number...
BACKGROUND
Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterised by the accumulation and/or proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MCs) in one or several organs. It may present with a number of different symptoms that involve various organ systems. The current study aims to assess the prevalence of MC mediator-related symptoms in a cohort of mastocytosis patients with a specific focus on neurological, psychiatric, cognitive and sexual symptoms. We also assessed the impact of the disease on patients' professional lives. Patients were administered a validated multidimensional questionnaire to collect information on patients' perception of the severity of their symptoms. From the questionnaires we extracted the neurological, cognitive, psychiatric and sexual symptoms and the impact of the disease on patients' professional lives as well as their grading. The affective status was assessed using the 17-item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
RESULTS
We included 139 patients. Mastocytosis was classified as systemic in 113 patients and cutaneous in 26 patients. The prevalence of MC mediator-related systemic symptoms was as follows: cutaneous (71%), gastro-intestinal (48%), cardio-vascular (36%), musculoskeletal (26.6%), fatigue (24%), urinary (14.4%) and respiratory (10%). Headaches and vertigo were noted in respectively 55% and 32% of patients. Irritability, episodes of memory loss and difficulty concentrating were reported in 54%, 52% and 40% of cases, respectively. Sexual impairment was noted in 24% of patients. No associations were found between neuropsychiatric/cognitive impairment and age, gender, diagnostic delay, disease form, the presence of cutaneous lesions, the level of serum and bone marrow tryptase and the presence of KIT mutation in bone marrow and/or skin. Depression was noted in 49% of patients. One in four patients reported a negative impact of the disease on their professional lives.
CONCLUSION
This current study provides some insights regarding symptoms related to mastocytosis and their impact on patients' professional lives.
Topics: Cognition; Delayed Diagnosis; Humans; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Tryptases
PubMed: 33673856
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01747-y