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Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2019Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the breast and may or may not be accompanied by infection. It usually affects fertile women but can be seen at all ages and... (Review)
Review
Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the breast and may or may not be accompanied by infection. It usually affects fertile women but can be seen at all ages and even in males. Mastitis is commonly divided into two groups: lactational mastitis which occurs in breastfeeding women, and non-lactational mastitis. A timely diagnosis and correct management is essential to avoid complications. In this review, we assess different types of inflammations of the breast and elucidate important differential diagnoses, such as inflammatory breast cancer.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Lactation; Mastitis
PubMed: 31791447
DOI: No ID Found -
Military Medical Research Apr 2022Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line...
Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.
Topics: Breast; Consensus; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Recurrence
PubMed: 35473758
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00380-5 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2021Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as... (Review)
Review
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Dairying; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Mastitis, Bovine
PubMed: 33509059
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1882713 -
Annals of Translational Medicine Feb 2023Non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) is a breast disease with poor clinical manifestations, which seriously affects women's health and quality of life. Due to the low incidence... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) is a breast disease with poor clinical manifestations, which seriously affects women's health and quality of life. Due to the low incidence rate of the disease and the paucity of related research, there is much misdiagnosis and mis-management of periductal mastitis (PDM) and granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM). Therefore, understanding the differences between PDM and GLM, in terms of etiology and clinical manifestations, is crucial for patient treatment and prognosis. At the same time, choosing different treatment methods may not achieve the best treatment effect, so the appropriate treatment method can often reduce the patient's pain and reduce the recurrence of the patient's disease.
METHODS
The PubMed database was searched for articles published from 1 January 1990 to 16 June 2022 using the following search terms: "non-puerperal mastitis", "periductal mastitis", "granulomatous lobular mastitis", "mammary duct ectasia", "idiopathic granulomatous mastitis", "plasma cell mastitis", and "identification". The key findings of the related literatures were analyzed and summarized.
KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS
We systematically described the key points in the differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PDM and GLM. The use of different animal models for research and novel drugs to treat the disease were also described in this paper.
CONCLUSIONS
The key points in the differentiation of the two diseases are clearly explained, and the respective treatment options and prognosis are summarized.
PubMed: 36846004
DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-6473 -
Toxins Aug 2020constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of... (Review)
Review
constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Exotoxins; Female; Goats; Humans; Mastitis; Sheep; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 32825515
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537 -
PloS One 2022Acute mastitis is one of the main reasons why breastfeeding women stop breastfeeding, and medication should be used with caution. Considering the uncertainty of mastitis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Acute mastitis is one of the main reasons why breastfeeding women stop breastfeeding, and medication should be used with caution. Considering the uncertainty of mastitis infection and the indications of antibiotic use, as well as the problem of drug resistance and the safety of medication during lactation, probiotics have become an alternative treatment choice. However, a meta-analysis of the effects of probiotics in preventing and treating lactational mastitis is still lacking. Therefore, we searched six electronic databases and the sites of clinical trial registration, a total of six randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that oral probiotics during pregnancy can reduce the incidence of mastitis (RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.69; p<0.0001). After oral administration of probiotics, the counts of bacteria in the milk of healthy people and mastitis patients were both significantly reduced (in healthy people: MD: -0.19, 95% CI: -0.23 to -0.16, p<0.00001; in mastitis patients: MD: -0.89, 95% CI: -1.34 to -0.43, p = 0.0001). These indicate that to a certain extent, probiotics are beneficial in reducing the incidence rate of mastitis during lactation and some related mastitis symptoms. However, high-quality multicenter clinical trials are still needed to support this result.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mastitis; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Probiotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36084006
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274467 -
Cell Reports Nov 2022The precise mechanism by which gut dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of extraintestinal diseases and how commensal microbes mediate these processes remain...
The precise mechanism by which gut dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of extraintestinal diseases and how commensal microbes mediate these processes remain unclear. Here, we show that cows with mastitis had marked gut dysbiosis, characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogenic Escherichia_Shigella and the depletion of commensal Roseburia. Fecal microbiota transplantation from donor cows with mastitis (M-FMT) to recipient mice significantly caused mastitis and changed the gut and mammary microbiota in mice. Notably, M-FMT facilitated the translocation of pathobiont from the gut into the mammary gland, and the depletion of Enterobacteriaceae alleviated M-FMT-induced mastitis in mice. In contrast, commensal Roseburia intestinalis improved M-FMT-induced mastitis and microbial dysbiosis in the gut and mammary gland and limited bacterial translocation by producing butyrate, which was associated with inflammatory signaling inhibition and barrier repair. Our research suggests that commensal Roseburia alleviates gut-dysbiosis-induced mastitis, although further studies in dairy cows and humans are needed.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Mice; Animals; Humans; Dysbiosis; Bacterial Translocation; Butyrates; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mastitis
PubMed: 36417859
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111681 -
Journal of Human Lactation : Official... Nov 2020Lactational mastitis is a maternal morbidity that affects the wellbeing of women and their babies, including through breastfeeding discontinuation.
BACKGROUND
Lactational mastitis is a maternal morbidity that affects the wellbeing of women and their babies, including through breastfeeding discontinuation.
RESEARCH AIM
To systematically review the available global literature on the frequency of lactational mastitis, and to summarize the evidence on risk factors for lactational mastitis. We also describe gaps in the evidence and identify priority areas for future research.
METHODS
We systematically searched and screened 6 databases and included 26 articles, conducted meta-analysis of disease frequency, and narratively synthesized evidence on risk factors.
RESULTS
In 11 (42%) articles researchers reported a measure of disease frequency; 5 (19%) reported risk factors, and 10 (39%) included both. Overall, the quality of studies was low, related to suboptimal measurement of disease frequency, high risk of bias, reverse causality, and incomplete adjustment for confounding. Meta-analysis was based on 3 studies (pooled incidence between birth and Week 25 postpartum: 11.1 episodes per 1,000 breastfeeding weeks; 95% CI [10.2-12.0]); with high heterogeneity across contexts and highest incidence in the first four weeks postpartum. Researchers assessed 42 potential risk factors; nipple damage was the most frequently studied and strongly associated with mastitis. There was a scarcity of studies from low-resource settings.
CONCLUSIONS
Lactational mastitis is a common condition, but the wide variability in incidence across contexts suggested that a substantial portion of this burden might be preventable. Provision of care to breastfeeding women at risk for or affected by mastitis is currently constrained due to a critical lack of high quality epidemiological evidence about its incidence and risk factors.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Lactation; Mastitis; Mothers; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32286139
DOI: 10.1177/0890334420907898 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut...
Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is commonly caused by local infection of the mammary gland. Our previous studies have suggested that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of mastitis in mice. However, the effects of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects and mechanisms of rumen microbiota on bovine mastitis based on the subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) model induced by feeding Holstein Frisian cows a high-concentrate diet for 8 weeks. Then, the inflammatory responses in the mammary gland and the bacterial communities of rumen fluid, feces, and milk were analyzed. The results showed that SARA induced mastitis symptoms in the mammary gland; activated a systemic inflammatory response; and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, gut barrier, and rumen barrier. Further research showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from the gut of SARA cows, translocated into the blood and accumulated in the mammary glands. Furthermore, the abundance of was increased in the rumen of SARA cows, and mastitis was induced by oral administration of in lactating mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that mastitis is induced by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms as well as by endogenous pathogenic factors. Specifically, the elevated abundance of in the rumen and LPS translocation from the rumen to the mammary gland were important endogenous factors that induced mastitis. Our study provides a foundation for novel therapeutic strategies that target the rumen microbiota in cow mastitis. Mastitis is a common and frequently occurring disease of humans and animals, especially in dairy farming, which has caused huge economic losses and brought harmful substance residues, drug-resistant bacteria, and other public health risks. The traditional viewpoint indicates that mastitis is mainly caused by exogenous pathogenic bacteria infecting the mammary gland. Our study found that the occurrence of mastitis was induced by the endogenous pathway. Evidence has shown that rumen-derived LPS enters the mammary gland through blood circulation, damaging the blood-milk barrier and then inducing inflammation of the mammary gland in cows. In addition, a higher abundance of in the rumen was closely associated with the development of mastitis. This study provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies that exploit the rumen microbiota against mastitis in cows.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Translocation; Cattle; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Rumen; Stenotrophomonas
PubMed: 35196821
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02512-21