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Dentistry Journal Nov 2022A dental luting material aids in the retention and stability of indirect restorations on the prepared tooth structure. In dentistry, clinicians are using a wide range of... (Review)
Review
A dental luting material aids in the retention and stability of indirect restorations on the prepared tooth structure. In dentistry, clinicians are using a wide range of luting materials for the cementation of indirect restorations. Zinc oxide eugenol and non-eugenol cements, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement and resin cements are common dental cements used in dentistry. Each luting material or cement possesses unique properties and clinical implications. An ideal luting cement should be biocompatible, insoluble, resistant to thermal and chemical assaults, antibacterial, aesthetic, simple and easy to use. It should have high strength properties under tension, shear and compression to resist stress at the restoration-tooth interface, as well as adequate working and setting times. So far, no luting material possesses all of these properties of an ideal cement. Scientists have been modifying the conventional luting cements to improve the material's clinical performance and developing novel materials for clinical use. To achieve the best clinical outcome, clinicians should update their knowledge and gain a good understanding of the luting materials so that they can make a wise clinical decision on the material selection and obtain an insight into the development of luting cements. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide a discussion on the physical, chemical, adhesive and aesthetic properties of common luting materials. The clinical indications of these luting materials are suggested based on their properties. In addition, overviews of the modification of the conventional luting materials and the newly developed luting materials are provided.
PubMed: 36354653
DOI: 10.3390/dj10110208 -
JACS Au Feb 2022The lightweight and high-strength functional nanocomposites are important in many practical applications. Natural biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties... (Review)
Review
The lightweight and high-strength functional nanocomposites are important in many practical applications. Natural biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties provide inspiration for improving the performance of composite materials. Previous studies have usually focused on the bionic design of the material's microstructure, sometimes overlooking the importance of the interphase in the nanocomposite system. In this Perspective, we will focus on the construction and control of the interphase in confined space and the connection between the interphase and the macroscopic properties of the materials. We shall survey the current understanding of the critical size of the interphase and discuss the general rules of interphase formation. We hope to raise awareness of the interphase concept and encourage more experimental and simulation studies on this subject, with the aim of an optimal design and controllable preparation of polymer nanocomposite materials.
PubMed: 35252979
DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00430 -
Materials Today. Bio Feb 2024Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels have gained significant traction in diverse tissue engineering applications through the utilization of 3D printing technology. As... (Review)
Review
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels have gained significant traction in diverse tissue engineering applications through the utilization of 3D printing technology. As an artificial hydrogel possessing remarkable processability, GelMA has emerged as a pioneering material in the advancement of tissue engineering due to its exceptional biocompatibility and degradability. The integration of 3D printing technology facilitates the precise arrangement of cells and hydrogel materials, thereby enabling the creation of in vitro models that simulate artificial tissues suitable for transplantation. Consequently, the potential applications of GelMA in tissue engineering are further expanded. In tissue engineering applications, the mechanical properties of GelMA are often modified to overcome the hydrogel material's inherent mechanical strength limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in enhancing the mechanical properties of GelMA at the monomer, micron, and nano scales. Additionally, the diverse applications of GelMA in soft tissue engineering via 3D printing are emphasized. Furthermore, the potential opportunities and obstacles that GelMA may encounter in the field of tissue engineering are discussed. It is our contention that through ongoing technological progress, GelMA hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength can be successfully fabricated, leading to the production of superior biological scaffolds with increased efficacy for tissue engineering purposes.
PubMed: 38249436
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100939 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Mar 2023In the past few decades, 2D layer materials have gradually become a central focus in materials science owing to their uniquely layered structural qualities and good... (Review)
Review
In the past few decades, 2D layer materials have gradually become a central focus in materials science owing to their uniquely layered structural qualities and good optoelectronic properties. However, in the development of 2D materials, several disadvantages, such as limited types of materials and the inability to synthesize large-scale materials, severely confine their application. Therefore, further exploration of new materials and preparation methods is necessary to meet technological developmental needs. Organic molecular materials have the advantage of being customizable. Therefore, if organic molecular and 2D materials are combined, the resulting 2D organic materials would have excellent optical and electrical properties. In addition, through this combination, the free design and large-scale synthesis of 2D materials can be realized in principle. Furthermore, 2D organic materials exhibit excellent properties and unique functionalities along with great potential for developing sensors, biomedicine, and electronics. In this review, 2D organic materials are divided into five categories. The preparation methods and material properties of each class of materials are also described in detail. Notably, to comprehensively understand each material's advantages, the latest research applications for each material are presented in detail and summarized. Finally, the future development and application prospects of 2D organic materials are briefly discussed.
PubMed: 36683257
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203889 -
MRS Bulletin 2022Materials science is about understanding the relationship between a material's structure and its properties-in the sphere of mechanical behavior, this includes elastic... (Review)
Review
ABSTRACT
Materials science is about understanding the relationship between a material's structure and its properties-in the sphere of mechanical behavior, this includes elastic modulus, yield strength, and other bulk properties. We show in this issue that, analogously, a material's surface structure governs its surface properties-such as adhesion, friction, and surface stiffness. For bulk materials, microstructure is a critical component of structure; for surfaces, the structure is governed largely by surface topography. The articles in this issue cover the latest understanding of these structure-property connections for surfaces. This includes both the theoretical basis for how properties depend on topography, as well as the latest understanding of how surface topography emerges, how to measure and understand topography-dependent properties, and how to engineer surfaces to improve performance. The present article frames the importance of surface topography and its effect on properties; it also outlines some of the critical knowledge gaps that impede progress toward optimally performing surfaces.
PubMed: 36846501
DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00465-5 -
Nature Communications Aug 2020A material's magnetic state and its dynamics are of great fundamental research interest and are also at the core of a wide plethora of modern technologies. However,...
A material's magnetic state and its dynamics are of great fundamental research interest and are also at the core of a wide plethora of modern technologies. However, reliable access to magnetization dynamics in materials and devices on the technologically relevant ultrafast timescale, and under realistic device-operation conditions, remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a method of ultrafast terahertz (THz) magnetometry, which gives direct access to the (sub-)picosecond magnetization dynamics even in encapsulated materials or devices in a contact-free fashion, in a fully calibrated manner, and under ambient conditions. As a showcase for this powerful method, we measure the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in a laser-excited encapsulated iron film. Our measurements reveal and disentangle distinct contributions originating from (i) incoherent hot-magnon-driven magnetization quenching and (ii) coherent acoustically-driven modulation of the exchange interaction in iron, paving the way to technologies utilizing ultrafast heat-free control of magnetism. High sensitivity and relative ease of experimental arrangement highlight the promise of ultrafast THz magnetometry for both fundamental studies and the technological applications of magnetism.
PubMed: 32843645
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17935-6 -
Biomedicines Nov 2023Over the past two decades, dental ceramics have experienced rapid advances in science and technology, becoming the fastest-growing field of dental materials. This review... (Review)
Review
Over the past two decades, dental ceramics have experienced rapid advances in science and technology, becoming the fastest-growing field of dental materials. This review emphasizes the significant impact of translucent zirconia in fixed prosthodontics, merging aesthetics with strength, and highlights its versatility from single crowns to complex bridgework facilitated by digital manufacturing advancements. The unique light-conducting properties of translucent zirconia offer a natural dental appearance, though with considerations regarding strength trade-offs compared to its traditional, opaque counterpart. The analysis extends to the mechanical attributes of the material, noting its commendable fracture resistance and durability, even under simulated physiological conditions. Various zirconia types (3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP, 5Y-TZP) display a range of strengths influenced by factors like yttria content and manufacturing processes. The study also explores adhesive strategies, underlining the importance of surface treatments and modern adhesives in achieving long-lasting bonds. In the realm of implant-supported restorations, translucent zirconia stands out for its precision, reliability, and aesthetic adaptability, proving suitable for comprehensive dental restorations. Despite its established benefits, the review calls for ongoing research to further refine the material's properties and adhesive protocols and to solidify its applicability through long-term clinical evaluations, ensuring its sustainable future in dental restorative applications.
PubMed: 38137337
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123116 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The emerging demand for everyday food substitutes is increasing on a daily basis. More and more individuals struggle with allergies and intolerances, which makes it... (Review)
Review
The emerging demand for everyday food substitutes is increasing on a daily basis. More and more individuals struggle with allergies and intolerances, which makes it mandatory to provide alternatives for simple products like dairy milk. Plant-based beverages (PBBs) are currently trending due to the multiple diets that promote their consumption with or without a justification. PBBs can derive from various types of plants, not exclusively nuts. Some of the most well-known sources are almonds, soy, rice, and hazelnuts, among others. In view of the need for sustainable approaches to resource utilization and food production, novel sources for PBBs are being sought, and those include fruit kernels. The plant kingdom offers a palette of resources with proven bioactivity, i.e., containing flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolics, among others. Many of these beneficial substances are water soluble, which means they could be transferred to the plant beverage compositions. The current review aims at comparing the vast number of potential formulations based on their specific nutritional profiles and potential deficiencies, as well as their expected health-promoting properties, based on the raw material(s) used for production. Special attention will be given to the antinutrients, usually abundant in plant-based sources.
PubMed: 37836085
DOI: 10.3390/plants12193345 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Mar 2024Tough hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of materials to target load-bearing applications, where the material has to resist multiple cycles of extreme... (Review)
Review
Tough hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of materials to target load-bearing applications, where the material has to resist multiple cycles of extreme mechanical impact. A variety of chemical interactions and network architectures are used to enhance the mechanical properties and fracture mechanics of hydrogels making them stiffer and tougher. In recent years, the mechanical properties of tough, high-performance hydrogels have been benchmarked, however, this is often incomplete as important variables like water content are largely ignored. In this review, the aim is to clarify the reported mechanical properties of state-of-the-art tough hydrogels by providing a comprehensive library of fracture and mechanical property data. First, common methods for mechanical characterization of such high-performance hydrogels are introduced. Then, various modes of energy dissipation to obtain tough hydrogels are discussed and used to categorize the individual datasets helping to asses the material's (fracture) mechanical properties. Finally, current applications are considered, tough high-performance hydrogels are compared with existing materials, and promising future opportunities are discussed.
PubMed: 38225751
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307404