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BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2021Laminitis is a common and serve disease which caused by inflammation and pathological changes of the laminar junction. However, the pathologic mechanism remains unclear....
BACKGROUND
Laminitis is a common and serve disease which caused by inflammation and pathological changes of the laminar junction. However, the pathologic mechanism remains unclear. In this study we aimed to investigate changes of the gut microbiota and metabolomics in oligofructose-induced laminitis of horses.
RESULTS
Animals submitted to treatment with oligofructose had lower fecal pH but higher lactic acid, histamine, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum. Meanwhile, oligofructose altered composition of the hindgut bacterial community, demonstrated by increasing relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Megasphaera. In addition, the metabolome analysis revealed that treatment with oligofructose decreased 84 metabolites while 53 metabolites increased, such as dihydrothymine, N3,N4-Dimethyl-L-arginine, 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid, and asparagine. Pathway analysis revealed that aldosterone synthesis and secretion, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, steroid hormone biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and galactose metabolism were significantly different between healthy and laminitis horses. Furthermore, correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites indicated that Lactobacillus and/or Megasphaera were positively associated with the dihydrothymine, N3,N4-Dimethyl-L-arginine, 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid, and asparagine.
CONCLUSIONS
These results revealed that disturbance of gut microbiota and changes of metabolites were occurred during the development of equine laminitis, and these results may provide novel insights to detect biomarkers for a better understanding of the potential mechanism and prevention strategies for laminitis in horses.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Female; Foot Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Histamine; Hoof and Claw; Horse Diseases; Horses; Inflammation; Lactic Acid; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Metabolome; Oligosaccharides; Ultrasonography, Doppler
PubMed: 33407409
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02686-9 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2021In our previous studies, we revealed the effect of lactose inclusion in calf starters on the growth performance and gut development of calves. We conducted the present...
In our previous studies, we revealed the effect of lactose inclusion in calf starters on the growth performance and gut development of calves. We conducted the present study as a follow-up study to identify the shift in rumen microbiota and its relation to rumen fermentation when calves are fed a lactose-containing starter. Thirty Holstein bull calves were divided into 2 calf starter treatment groups: texturized calf starter (i.e., control; n = 15) or calf starter in which starch was replaced with lactose at 10% (i.e., LAC10; n = 15) on a dry matter basis. All calves were fed their respective treatment calf starter ad libitum from d 7, and kleingrass hay from d 35. Rumen digesta were collected on d 80 (i.e., 3 wk after weaning) and used to analyze rumen microbiota and fermentation products. There was no apparent effect of lactose feeding on the α-diversity and overall composition of rumen microbiota. Amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR quantification of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (i.e., Butyrivibrio group and Megasphaera elsdenii) did not differ between the control and LAC10 groups. Conversely, the relative abundance of Mitsuokella spp., which produce lactate, succinate, and acetate, was significantly higher in the rumen of calves that were fed lactose, whereas the lactate concentration did not differ between the control and LAC10 groups. These findings suggest that the lactate production can be elevated by an increase of Mitsuokella spp. and then converted into butyrate, not propionate, since the proportion of propionate was lower in lactose-fed calves. In addition, we observed a higher abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium in the LAC10 group. Both these bacterial taxa include acetate-producing bacteria, and a positive correlation between the acetate-to-propionate ratio and the abundance of Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium was observed. Therefore, the higher abundance of Coriobacteriaceae, Mitsuokella spp., and Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium in the rumen of lactose-fed calves partially explains the increase in the proportion of rumen acetate that was observed in our previous study.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Fermentation; Follow-Up Studies; Lactose; Male; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen; Weaning
PubMed: 34218911
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20225 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. An imbalanced microbiome (dysbiosis) can predispose to many diseases including CD. The role of oral...
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. An imbalanced microbiome (dysbiosis) can predispose to many diseases including CD. The role of oral dysbiosis in CD is poorly understood. We aimed to explore microbiome signature and dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome in CD patients, and correlate microbiota changes to the level of inflammation. Saliva samples were collected from healthy controls (HC) and CD patients (n = 40 per group). Salivary microbiome was analyzed by sequencing the entire 16S rRNA gene. Inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and calprotectin) were measured and correlated with microbiome diversity. Five dominant species were significantly enriched in CD, namely Veillonella dispar, Megasphaera stantonii, Prevotella jejuni, Dolosigranulum pigrum and Lactobacillus backii. Oral health had a significant impact on the microbiome since various significant features were cariogenic as Streptococcus mutans or periopathogenic such as Fusobacterium periodonticum. Furthermore, disease activity, duration and frequency of relapses impacted the oral microbiota. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies led to the emergence of a unique species called Simonsiella muelleri. Combining immunomodulatory agents with monoclonal antibodies significantly increased multiple pathogenic species such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Loss of diversity in CD was shown by multiple diversity indices. There was a significant negative correlation between gut inflammatory biomarkers (particularly calprotectin) and α-diversity, suggesting more inflammation associated with diversity loss in CD. Salivary dysbiosis was evident in CD patients, with unique microbiota signatures and perturbed species that can serve as disease biomarkers or potential targets for microbiota modulation. The interplay of various factors collectively contributed to dysbiosis, although each factor probably had a unique effect on the microbiome. The emergence of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity of CD patients is alarming since they can disturb gut homeostasis and induce inflammation by swallowing, or hematogenous spread of microbiota, their metabolites, or generated inflammatory mediators.
Topics: Humans; Crohn Disease; Dysbiosis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Microbiota; Inflammation; Biomarkers; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex
PubMed: 37932491
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46714-8 -
Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Jun 2022Shaziling pig, a Chinese indigenous breed, has been classified as a fatty pig model. However, the gut microbial development and role in lipid metabolism in Shaziling...
Shaziling pig, a Chinese indigenous breed, has been classified as a fatty pig model. However, the gut microbial development and role in lipid metabolism in Shaziling pigs has been rarely reported. Here, we compared the lipid metabolic and microbial profiles at 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, and 300 d of age between Shaziling and Yorkshire pigs. Predictably, there were marked differences in the liver lipids (i.e., cholesterol, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein) and the lipid related expressions (i.e., , /, /, and -) between Shaziling and Yorkshire pigs. Bacteria sequencing in the ileal digesta and mucosa showed that Shaziling pigs had a higher α-diversity and higher abundances of probiotics, such as , , and . Thirty-five differentiated metabolites were further identified in the mucosa between Shaziling and Yorkshire pigs, which were enriched in the carbohydrate, protein, glucose and amino acid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, 7 differentiated microbial species were markedly correlated with metabolites, indicating the role of gut microbiota in the host metabolism. Next, the role of differentiated in lipid metabolism was validated in Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) pigs and the results showed that mono-colonization promoted lipid deposition and metabolism by altering gut microbiota (i.e., and ) and // gene expressions. In conclusion, Shaziling pigs exhibited different metabolic and microbial profiles compared with Yorkshire pigs, which might have contributed to the diverse metabolic phenotypes, and the significant enrichment of in Shaziling pigs promoted lipid metabolism and obesity of DLY pigs, which provided a novel idea to improve the fat content of lean pigs.
PubMed: 35600540
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.012 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2024Butyrate, a physiologically active molecule, can be synthesized through metabolic interactions among colonic microorganisms. Previously, in a fermenting trial of human...
Butyrate, a physiologically active molecule, can be synthesized through metabolic interactions among colonic microorganisms. Previously, in a fermenting trial of human fecal microbiota, we observed that the butyrogenic effect positively correlated with the increasing population and an unidentified species. Therefore, we hypothesized that a cross-feeding phenomenon exists between and , where is the butyrate producer, and its growth relies on the metabolites generated by . To validate this hypothesis, three bacterial species (, , and ) were isolated from fecal cultures fermenting hydrolyzed xylan; pairwise cocultures were conducted between the and isolates; the microbial interactions were determined based on bacterial genome information, cell growth, substrate consumption, metabolite quantification, and metatranscriptomics. The results indicated that two isolates contained distinct gene clusters for xylan utilization and expressed varying substrate preferences. In contrast, alone scarcely grew on the xylose-based substrates. The growth of was significantly elevated by coculturing it with bifidobacteria, while the two species responded differently in the kinetics of cell growth and substrate consumption. Coculturing led to the depletion of lactate and increased the formation of butyrate. An RNA-seq analysis further revealed the upregulation of genes involved in the lactate utilization and butyrate formation pathways. We concluded that lactate generated by through catabolizing xylose fueled the growth of and triggered the synthesis of butyrate. Our findings demonstrated a novel cross-feeding mechanism to generate butyrate in the human colon.IMPORTANCEButyrate is an important short-chain fatty acid that is produced in the human colon through microbial fermentation. Although many butyrate-producing bacteria exhibit a limited capacity to degrade nondigestible food materials, butyrate can be formed through cross-feeding microbial metabolites, such as acetate or lactate. Previously, the literature has explicated the butyrate-forming links between and and between and . In this study, we provided an alternative butyrate synthetic pathway through the interaction between and is a species named in 2014 and is indigenous to the human intestinal tract. Scientific studies explaining the function of in the human colon are still limited. Our results show that proliferated based on the lactate generated by bifidobacteria and produced butyrate as its end metabolic product. The pathways identified here may contribute to understanding butyrate formation in the gut microbiota.
Topics: Humans; Lactic Acid; Bifidobacterium; Xylans; Xylose; Butyrates; Megasphaera; Fermentation
PubMed: 38126785
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01019-23 -
Translational Animal Science 2023Our objective was to evaluate the effects of combinations of and as direct-fed microbials (DFM) on ruminal microbiome during an acute acidosis challenge in a...
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of combinations of and as direct-fed microbials (DFM) on ruminal microbiome during an acute acidosis challenge in a continuous culture system. Treatments provided a DFM dose of 1 × 10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, as follows: control (no DFM), YM1 ( and strain 1), YM2 ( and strain 2), and YMM ( and half of the doses of strains 1 and 2). We conducted four experimental periods of 11 d, which consisted of non-acidotic days (1 to 8) and acidotic challenge days (9 to 11) to establish acute ruminal acidosis conditions with a common basal diet containing 12% neutral detergent fiber and 58% starch. Treatments were applied from days 8 to 11, and samples of liquid and solid-associated bacteria were collected on days 9 to 11. Overall, 128 samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA, and data were analyzed with R and SAS for alpha and beta diversity, taxa relative abundance, and correlation of taxa abundance with propionate molar proportion. We observed a lower bacterial diversity (Shannon index, = 0.02) when YM1 was added to the diet in comparison to the three other treatments. Moreover, compared to control, addition of YM1 to the diet increased relative abundance of phylum ( = 0.05) and family ( = 0.05) in the solid fraction and tended to increase abundance of family ( = 0.10) and genus ( = 0.09) in the liquid fraction. Correlation analysis indicated a positive association between propionate molar proportion and relative abundance of ( = 0.36, = 0.04) and ( = 0.36, = 0.05) in the solid fraction. The inclusion of YM1 in high-grain diets with a high starch content resulted in greater abundance of bacteria involved in succinate synthesis which may have provided the substrate for the greater propionate synthesis observed.
PubMed: 38023425
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad123 -
EBioMedicine May 2021The relationship between tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide, and the microbiome, which is critical for health, is poorly...
BACKGROUND
The relationship between tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide, and the microbiome, which is critical for health, is poorly understood.
METHODS
To identify potential microbiome-host interactions, profiling of the oral, sputum and stool microbiota [n = 58 cases, n = 47 culture-negative symptomatic controls (SCs)] and whole blood transcriptome were done in pre-treatment presumptive pulmonary TB patients. This was a cross-sectional study. Microbiota were also characterised in close contacts of cases (CCCs, n = 73) and close contacts of SCs (CCSCs, n = 82) without active TB.
FINDINGS
Cases and SCs each had similar α- and β-diversities in oral washes and sputum, however, β-diversity differed in stool (PERMANOVA p = 0•035). Cases were enriched with anaerobes in oral washes, sputum (Paludibacter, Lautropia in both) and stool (Erysipelotrichaceae, Blautia, Anaerostipes) and their stools enriched in microbial genes annotated as amino acid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways. In pairwise comparisons with their CCCs, cases had Megasphaera-enriched oral and sputum microbiota and Bifidobacterium-, Roseburia-, and Dorea-depleted stools. Compared to their CCSCs, SCs had reduced α-diversities and many differential taxa per specimen type. Cases differed transcriptionally from SCs in peripheral blood (PERMANOVA p = 0•001). A co-occurrence network analysis showed stool taxa, Erysipelotrichaceae and Blautia, to negatively co-correlate with enriched "death receptor" and "EIF2 signalling" pathways whereas Anaerostipes positively correlated with enriched "interferon signalling", "Nur77 signalling" and "inflammasome" pathways; all of which are host pathways associated with disease severity. In contrast, none of the taxa enriched in SCs correlated with host pathways.
INTERPRETATION
TB-specific microbial relationships were identified in oral washes, induced sputum, and stool from cases before the confounding effects of antibiotics. Specific anaerobes in cases' stool predict upregulation of pro-inflammatory immunological pathways, supporting the gut microbiota's role in TB.
FUNDING
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, South African-Medical Research Council, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammasomes; Interferons; Male; Signal Transduction; Transcriptome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 33975252
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103374 -
Translational Animal Science Apr 2020Simmental-Angus calves [ = 135; 72 steers and 63 heifers; body weight (BW) = 212.4 kg ± 36.1] were early weaned (~5 mo) to evaluate multiple feeding regimens...
Simmental-Angus calves [ = 135; 72 steers and 63 heifers; body weight (BW) = 212.4 kg ± 36.1] were early weaned (~5 mo) to evaluate multiple feeding regimens (conventional vs. aggressive energy diets ± NCIMB 41125 ( culture (MEC); Lactipro Advance; MS Biotec Inc., Wamego, KS) in order to elucidate the optimal development strategy. Objectives were measured by tracking the effects of caloric density and oral drenching of growing phase performance and subsequent carcass traits. The 72-d experiment featured three groups: 1) control (CON), fed exclusively a 35% roughage diet; 2) aggressive (AGR), fed a blend of a 10% and 35% roughage diets; 3) MEC, fed the same diet as AGR and drenched with 50 mL of NCIMB 41125 on day 1. A subset of calves ( = 45) was equipped with wireless rumination tags (Allflex Flex Tag; SCR Engineers, Ltd; Netanya, Israel), which logged daily rumination and general activity. Skeletal growth variables were assessed by measuring wither and hip height pretrial and posttrial. Ultrasonography provided additional resolution concerning growing phase compositional gain, which was later verified by carcass data collection. Data were analyzed as a nested analysis of variance with BW and gender serving as blocking factors. The increased caloric density of the diets administered to MEC and AGR calves resulted in greater average daily gain and gain:feed values compared with CON even during the first 21 d of diet acclimation ( ≤ 0.05). Additional fiber concentration of CON diets led to increased rumination times in 9 of the 10 wk of trial ( ≤ 0.10). No differences amongst treatments were detected for skeletal variables or ultrasound 12th rib fat. Cattle fed CON diets posted 3.4% inferior BW at the end of the growing period trial and a 3.8% reduction in hot carcass weight (HCW), reinforcing the theory that intensifying caloric intake during the growing phase does not compromise future feedlot performance. Ultrasound marbling scores for MEC-treated cattle were 19° greater than AGR treated cattle ( ≤ 0.05) at the end of the growing phase trial. Nearly the exact same advantage (22°) was observed in the cooler 5 mo later ( = 0.42). Implying MEC metabolically imprinted cattle to favor marbling development. It appears that maximizing dietary caloric density in light-weight calves does not adversely affect the growth curve, while oral dosing of MEC during the growing period may be a precursor for enhanced quality grade.
PubMed: 32705029
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa031 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The incidence of preterm birth (PTB) in India is around 13%. Specific bacterial communities or individual taxon living in the vaginal milieu of pregnant women is a...
BACKGROUND
The incidence of preterm birth (PTB) in India is around 13%. Specific bacterial communities or individual taxon living in the vaginal milieu of pregnant women is a potential risk factor for PTB and may play an important role in its pathophysiology. Besides, bacterial taxa associated with PTB vary across populations.
OBJECTIVE
Conduct a comparative analysis of vaginal microbiome composition and microbial genomic repertoires of women who enrolled in the Interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research on Birth Outcomes - A DBT India Initiative (GARBH-Ini) pregnancy cohort to identify bacterial taxa associated with term birth (TB) and PTB in Indian women.
METHODS
Vaginal swabs were collected during all three trimesters from 38 pregnant Indian women who delivered spontaneous term (n=20) and preterm (n=18) neonates. Paired-end sequencing of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed using the metagenomic DNA isolated from vaginal swabs (n=115). Whole genome sequencing of bacterial species associated with birth outcomes was carried out by shotgun method. species were grown anaerobically in the De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar culture medium for isolation of genomic DNA and whole genome sequencing.
RESULTS
Vaginal microbiome of both term and preterm samples reveals similar alpha diversity indices. However, significantly higher abundance of (p-value <0.02), sp (p-value0.05), (p-value= 0.01) and (p-value0.0001) were identified in preterm samples whereas higher abundance of (p-value =0.010) was observed in term samples by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The relative abundance of , and sp. were found to be significantly different over time between term and preterm mothers. Analyses of the representative genomes of and indicate presence of secretory transcriptional regulator and several ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides correlated with anti-inflammatory condition in the vagina. These findings indicate protective role of and in reducing the risk of PTB.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that the dominance of specific species and few other facultative anaerobes are associated with birth outcomes.
Topics: Female; Fusobacteria; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Lactobacillus; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vagina
PubMed: 34094994
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622474 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Feb 2022It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated...
OBJECTIVES
It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.
METHODS
The study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
RESULTS
The richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.
CONCLUSIONS
The saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cigarette Smoking; Humans; Microbiota; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tongue
PubMed: 34505401
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.489