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Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Jul 2022We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of predisposing factors and oral manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
BACKGROUND
We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of predisposing factors and oral manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
204 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were included in the study. Questions regarding the systemic, periodontal health, oral hygiene habits, common symptoms and, oral manifestations of COVID-19 such as oral lesions, and dry mouth were included in the survey. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used.
RESULTS
47.5% of individuals had various systemic diseases. Dry mouth (44.2%) and oral lesions (22.4%) were the most common oral manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Also, dry mouth had the highest VAS score. The most common oral lesion locations were buccal mucosa (15.2%) and tongue (10.8%). The majority of participants (142 patients) were affected by taste disorders. Patients who received periodontal treatment before SARS-CoV-2 infection reported fewer oral complaint and manifestations than those who did not receive periodontal therapy (p=0.032). There was no statistically significant difference between males and females on the presence of any oral manifestations, and taste disorders.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that SARS-CoV-2 could cause oral manifestations. However various predisposing factors may be part of the etiology and promote oral findings.
Topics: COVID-19; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Mucosa; SARS-CoV-2; Taste Disorders; Xerostomia
PubMed: 35717616
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.25259 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2022Paneth cells are intestinal epithelial cells that release antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin as part of host defense. Together with mesenchymal cells, Paneth...
Paneth cells are intestinal epithelial cells that release antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin as part of host defense. Together with mesenchymal cells, Paneth cells provide niche factors for epithelial stem cell homeostasis. Here, we report two subtypes of murine Paneth cells, differentiated by their production and utilization of fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2), which regulates α(1,2)fucosylation to create cohabitation niches for commensal bacteria and prevent invasion of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria. The majority of Fut2 Paneth cells were localized in the duodenum, whereas the majority of Fut2 Paneth cells were in the ileum. Fut2 Paneth cells showed higher granularity and structural complexity than did Fut2 Paneth cells, suggesting that Fut2 Paneth cells are involved in host defense. Signaling by the commensal bacteria, together with interleukin 22 (IL-22), induced the development of Fut2 Paneth cells. IL-22 was found to affect the α-defensin secretion system via modulation of expression, and IL-17a was found to increase the production of α-defensin in the intestinal tract. Thus, these intestinal cytokines regulate the development and function of Fut2 Paneth cells as part of gut defense.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Fucosyltransferases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ileum; Interleukin-17; Interleukins; Mice; Paneth Cells; Symbiosis; alpha-Defensins; Interleukin-22; Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase
PubMed: 35027453
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115230119 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2021The microbiome exerts considerable control over immune homeostasis and influences susceptibility to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease (AD/AID) such as inflammatory... (Review)
Review
The microbiome exerts considerable control over immune homeostasis and influences susceptibility to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease (AD/AID) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, and uveitis. In part, this is due to direct effects of the microbiome on gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and nutrient transport, but also to indirect effects on immunoregulatory controls, including induction and stabilization of T regulatory cells ( ). Secreted bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are under intense investigation as mediators of these effects. In contrast, folate (vitamin B9), an essential micronutrient, has attracted less attention, possibly because it exerts global physiological effects which are difficult to differentiate from specific effects on the immune system. Here, we review the role of folate in AD/AID with some emphasis on sight-threatening autoimmune uveitis. Since folate is required for the generation and maintenance of we propose that one mechanism for microbiome-based control of AD/AID is via folate-dependent induction of GI tract particularly colonic , via anergic T cells ( ). Hence, folate supplementation has potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic benefit in AID/AD.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Disease Models, Animal; Folic Acid; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
PubMed: 34104654
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9998200 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2022The amnion is an extraembryonic tissue that evolutionarily allowed embryos of all amniotes to develop in a transient and local aquatic environment. Despite the... (Review)
Review
The amnion is an extraembryonic tissue that evolutionarily allowed embryos of all amniotes to develop in a transient and local aquatic environment. Despite the importance of this tissue, very little is known about its formation and its molecular characteristics. In this review, we have compared the basic organization of the extraembryonic membranes in amniotes and describe the two types of amniogenesis, folding and cavitation. We then zoom in on the atypical development of the amnion in mice that occurs via the formation of a single posterior amniochorionic fold. Moreover, we consolidate lineage tracing data to better understand the spatial and temporal origin of the progenitors of amniotic ectoderm, and visualize the behaviour of their descendants in the extraembryonic-embryonic junctional region. This analysis provides new insight on amnion development and expansion. Finally, using an online-available dataset of single-cell transcriptomics during the gastrulation period in mice, we provide bioinformatic analysis of the molecular signature of amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm. The amnion is a tissue with unique biomechanical properties that deserves to be better understood. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
Topics: Amnion; Animals; Gastrulation; Mesoderm; Mice
PubMed: 36252226
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0258 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... May 2024Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a key clinical feature of asthma. The presence of AHR in people with asthma provides the substrate for bronchoconstriction in... (Review)
Review
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a key clinical feature of asthma. The presence of AHR in people with asthma provides the substrate for bronchoconstriction in response to numerous diverse stimuli, contributing to airflow limitation and symptoms including breathlessness, wheeze, and chest tightness. Dysfunctional airway smooth muscle significantly contributes to AHR and is displayed as increased sensitivity to direct pharmacologic bronchoconstrictor stimuli, such as inhaled histamine and methacholine (direct AHR), or to endogenous mediators released by activated airway cells such as mast cells (indirect AHR). Research in in vivo human models has shown that the disrupted airway epithelium plays an important role in driving inflammation that mediates indirect AHR in asthma through the release of cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33. These cytokines upregulate type 2 cytokines promoting airway eosinophilia and induce the release of bronchoconstrictor mediators from mast cells such as histamine, prostaglandin D, and cysteinyl leukotrienes. While bronchoconstriction is largely due to airway smooth muscle contraction, airway structural changes known as remodeling, likely mediated in part by epithelial-derived mediators, also lead to airflow obstruction and may enhance AHR. In this review, we outline the current knowledge of the role of the airway epithelium in AHR in asthma and its implications on the wider disease. Increased understanding of airway epithelial biology may contribute to better treatment options, particularly in precision medicine.
Topics: Humans; Asthma; Animals; Respiratory Mucosa; Cytokines; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Mast Cells; Bronchoconstriction
PubMed: 38395082
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.011 -
Biomolecules Dec 2021The gastrointestinal system is responsible for the digestion and the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it is essentially involved in the maintenance of immune... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal system is responsible for the digestion and the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it is essentially involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The strongest antigen contact in an organism takes place in the digestive system showing the importance of a host to develop mechanisms allowing to discriminate between harmful and harmless antigens. An efficient intestinal barrier and the presence of a large and complex part of the immune system in the gut support the host to implement this task. The continuous ingestion of harmless antigens via the diet requires an efficient immune response to reliably identify them as safe. However, in some cases the immune system accidentally identifies harmless antigens as dangerous leading to various diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and allergies. It has been shown that the intestinal immune function can be affected by bioactive compounds derived from the diet. The present review provides an overview on the mucosal immune reactions in the gut and how bioactive food ingredients including secondary plant metabolites and probiotics mediate its health promoting effects with regard to the intestinal immune homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Biological Factors; Diet; Humans; Immunity; Intestinal Mucosa; Phytochemicals; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Secondary Metabolism
PubMed: 34944544
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121901 -
Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic... Dec 2020Chronic constrictive pericarditis results from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium. This situation eventually leads to impairment of diastolic filling and right...
Chronic constrictive pericarditis results from inflammation and fibrosis of the pericardium. This situation eventually leads to impairment of diastolic filling and right heart failure. Once the diagnosis is made, because the disease is basically irreversible, a pericardiectomy is the mandatory treatment. The standard surgical treatment has been extensively described. The goal of this video tutorial is to render a visual explanation of the described techniques and to provide tips to help make the procedure easier to perform. The standard technique is performed through a median sternotomy, preferably without cardiopulmonary bypass if feasible. The procedure includes the complete removal of the anterior pericardium from phrenic nerve to phrenic nerve and the removal of the diaphragmatic pericardium and of part of the pericardium posterior to both phrenic nerves. Before starting the actual pericardiectomy procedure, it is useful to separate the pericardial rigid shell from the pleurae and from the diaphragm; this step allows the operator to see both phrenic nerves clearly and to give clear boundaries between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which are not often as clear as desirable due to fat, edema, inflammation, and scarring. Once a portion of the pericardium has been detached from the myocardium, it can be excised, making the portion yet to be removed more visible.
Topics: Adult; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Pericardiectomy; Pericarditis, Constrictive; Pericardium; Sternotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33399281
DOI: 10.1510/mmcts.2020.076 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Sep 2023Refractory epilepsy is also known as drug-resistant epilepsy with limited clinical treatment. Benefitting from its safety and easy availability, olfactory mucosa...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Refractory epilepsy is also known as drug-resistant epilepsy with limited clinical treatment. Benefitting from its safety and easy availability, olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) are considered a preferable MSC source for clinical application. This study aims to investigate whether OM-MSCs are a promising alternative source for treating refractory epilepsy clinically and uncover the mechanism by OM-MSCs administration on an epileptic mouse model.
METHODS
OM-MSCs were isolated from turbinal and characterized by flow cytometry. Autologous human OM-MSCs treatment on a patient was carried out using intrathecal administration. Epileptic mouse model was established by 1 mg/kg scopolamine and 300 mg/kg pilocarpine treatment (intraperitoneal). Stereotaxic microinjection was employed to deliver the mouse OM-MSCs. Mouse electroencephalograph recording was used to investigate the seizures. Brain structure was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining of GFAP, IBA1, MAP2, TUBB3, OLIG2, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3 was carried out to investigate the neural cells and Treg cells. QRT-PCR and ELISA were performed to determine the cytokines (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Il10) on mRNA and protein level. Y-maze, the object location test, and novel object recognition test were performed to measure the cognitive function. Footprint test, rotarod test, balance beam test, and grip strength test were conducted to evaluate the locomotive function. Von Frey testing was carried out to assess the mechanical allodynia.
RESULTS
Many beneficial effects of the OM-MSC treatment on disease status, including seizure type, frequency, severity, duration, and cognitive function, and no apparent adverse effects were observed at the 8-year follow-up case. Brain MRI indicated that autologous OM-MSC treatment alleviated brain atrophy in epilepsy patients. A study in an epileptic mouse model revealed that OM-MSC treatment recruited Treg cells to the brain, inhibited inflammation, rebuilt the neural network, and improved the cognitive, locomotive, and perceptive functions of epileptic mice.
CONCLUSIONS
Autologous OM-MSC treatment is efficacious for improving chronic refractory epilepsy, suggesting a future therapeutic candidate for epilepsy.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study was registered with Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200055357).
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Brain; Neural Networks, Computer; Disease Models, Animal; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Olfactory Mucosa
PubMed: 37674249
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03458-6 -
ELife Oct 2021Intestinal goblet cells maintain the protective epithelial barrier through mucus secretion and yet sample lumenal substances for immune processing through formation of...
Intestinal goblet cells maintain the protective epithelial barrier through mucus secretion and yet sample lumenal substances for immune processing through formation of goblet cell associated antigen passages (GAPs). The cellular biology of GAPs and how these divergent processes are balanced and regulated by goblet cells remains unknown. Using high-resolution light and electron microscopy, we found that in mice, GAPs were formed by an acetylcholine (ACh)-dependent endocytic event remarkable for delivery of fluid-phase cargo retrograde into the trans-golgi network and across the cell by transcytosis - in addition to the expected transport of fluid-phase cargo by endosomes to multi-vesicular bodies and lysosomes. While ACh also induced goblet cells to secrete mucins, ACh-induced GAP formation and mucin secretion were functionally independent and mediated by different receptors and signaling pathways, enabling goblet cells to differentially regulate these processes to accommodate the dynamically changing demands of the mucosal environment for barrier maintenance and sampling of lumenal substances.
Topics: Animals; Antigens; Goblet Cells; Mice; Transcytosis; Transport Vesicles
PubMed: 34677124
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.67292 -
Terminal differentiation of villus tip enterocytes is governed by distinct Tgfβ superfamily members.EMBO Reports Sep 2023The protective and absorptive functions of the intestinal epithelium rely on differentiated enterocytes in the villi. The differentiation of enterocytes is orchestrated...
The protective and absorptive functions of the intestinal epithelium rely on differentiated enterocytes in the villi. The differentiation of enterocytes is orchestrated by sub-epithelial mesenchymal cells producing distinct ligands along the villus axis, in particular Bmps and Tgfβ. Here, we show that individual Bmp ligands and Tgfβ drive distinct enterocytic programs specific to villus zonation. Bmp4 is expressed from the centre to the upper part of the villus and activates preferentially genes connected to lipid uptake and metabolism. In contrast, Bmp2 is produced by villus tip mesenchymal cells and it influences the adhesive properties of villus tip epithelial cells and the expression of immunomodulators. Additionally, Tgfβ induces epithelial gene expression programs similar to those triggered by Bmp2. Bmp2-driven villus tip program is activated by a canonical Bmp receptor type I/Smad-dependent mechanism. Finally, we establish an organoid cultivation system that enriches villus tip enterocytes and thereby better mimics the cellular composition of the intestinal epithelium. Our data suggest that not only a Bmp gradient but also the activity of individual Bmp drives specific enterocytic programs.
Topics: Enterocytes; Ligands; Intestinal Mucosa; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 37493498
DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256454