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Vaccines Jan 2023Over the last decades, different quadrivalent antimeningococcal vaccine formulations (diphteria toxoid conjugate, MenACWY-D; tetanus toxoid conjugate, MenACWY-TT; CRM... (Review)
Review
Over the last decades, different quadrivalent antimeningococcal vaccine formulations (diphteria toxoid conjugate, MenACWY-D; tetanus toxoid conjugate, MenACWY-TT; CRM protein conjugate, MenACWY-CRM) have been developed. However, their availability varies, both in terms of authorized formulations and of inclusion in vaccination schedules. Furthermore, several countries include only the monovalent meningococcal C (MenC) vaccine in their immunization programmes. Finally, there is currently no updated systematic review that directly compares the MenACWY formulations. Thus, we summarized the evidence on efficacy and safety through four parallel, independent systematic literature reviews with meta-analysis which included randomized controlled trials comparing the abovementioned vaccines. A total of 16 studies have been included. In terms of efficacy, MenACWY-TT outperformed MenACWY-D and MenACWY-CRM for A, W-135, and Y serogroups, while no significant difference was found for serogroup C. Furthermore, we did not find significant differences in efficacy between MenC and MenACWY-TT. Regarding the safety, we were able to perform a quantitative analysis only between MenACWY-TT and MenC, finding no significant differences. Similarly, among the different MenACWY formulations no relevant differences were identified. These findings suggest that MenACWY-TT could be preferable to other formulations to improve current vaccination programs and to better develop future immunization policies.
PubMed: 36680022
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010178 -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2019The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Canada has been punctuated by outbreaks caused by serogroup A strains in the 1940s, virulent serogroup C clones from 1985 to... (Review)
Review
The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Canada has been punctuated by outbreaks caused by serogroup A strains in the 1940s, virulent serogroup C clones from 1985 to 2001, a serogroup B clone in Quebec from 2003 to 2014, and more recently a W clone in British Columbia. Region- and province-wide immunization campaigns have been implemented to control these outbreaks using meningococcal C polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, a quadrivalent ACWY conjugate vaccine, and a serogroup B protein-based vaccine. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccines have been included in routine immunization programs for children, and ACWY conjugate vaccines have been included in school-based programs for adolescents in most jurisdictions. In contrast, serogroup B protein-based vaccines were only recommended and used for high-risk individuals and to control outbreaks. Currently, the immunization schedules adopted in provinces and territories are not uniform. This is not explained by notable epidemiologic differences. Publicly funded immunization programs are the result of a complex decision-making process. Political factors including public opinion, media attention, interest groups' advocacy campaigns, decision-makers' priorities and budgetary constraints have played important roles in shaping meningococcal programs in Canada, and this should be recognized. As the recent occurrence of outbreaks caused by virulent W clones shows, continued investments in epidemiological surveillance at both the provincial and national levels are necessary, so there can be early warning and informed decisions can be made.
PubMed: 31885753
DOI: 10.1155/2019/8901847 -
Anales de Pediatria Jan 2023As it does every year, the CAV-AEP publishes the update of its recommendations for the use of vaccines in children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain. The...
As it does every year, the CAV-AEP publishes the update of its recommendations for the use of vaccines in children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain. The 2 + 1 schedule is maintained in infants (at 2, 4 and 11 months), including preterm infants, with the hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib-HB) and the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine. A booster dose with DTaP-IPV is needed at 6 years for those who received the 2 + 1 series with hexavalent vaccine as infants, in addition to 1 dose of dTap in adolescence. Routine vaccination of pregnant women with a dose of dTap is recommended in each pregnancy, preferably between weeks 27 and 32 of gestation, although can be given from 20 weeks if there is risk of preterm delivery. All infants should receive the rotavirus vaccine (2-3 doses) and the 4CMenB vaccine (2 + 1 series). All children aged 6-59 months should be vaccinated against influenza each year. The MenACWY vaccine should be given routinely at 12 months of age and in adolescence between ages 12 and 18 years. The recommendations for the MMR vaccine (12 months and 3-4 years) and varicella vaccine (15 months and 3-4 years) also remain unchanged, using the MMRV vaccine for the second dose. Recommendations for the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the paediatric age group will be updated periodically on the CAV-AEP website. The HPV vaccine is indicated in all adolescents, regardless of sex, at age 12 years. Novelties include the recommendation of routine administration of nirsevimab to neonates and infants aged less than 6 months for passive immunization against RSV, and the recommendations regarding the hexavalent vaccine are consolidated in a single section.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant; Adolescent; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Female; Immunization Schedule; Meningococcal Vaccines; COVID-19 Vaccines; Meningococcal Infections; Infant, Premature; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Bacterial Vaccines; Rotavirus Vaccines; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 36599520
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2022.11.002 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023This review reports on the recent epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries (focusing from 2012 onwards),... (Review)
Review
This review reports on the recent epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries (focusing from 2012 onwards), the existing immunization strategies and the potential for IMD resurgence. MenACWY vaccination is now established in infant or adolescent immunization programs in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. At present, GCC Countries do not include MenB immunization. National health surveillance reports indicate a total of 156 IMD cases reported across the GCC Countries between 2012 and 2021; between 30% and 80% of cases were reported in individuals aged ≥15 years. Lack of serogroup data hinders the assessment of vaccine impact and decision-making on additional vaccine introductions (e.g. MenB immunization). Hajj/Umrah pilgrimage and the increasing number of large-scale commercial and social events held in the GCC Countries pose a potential risk for future IMD outbreaks. Immunization policies for such events could be strengthened.
Topics: Infant; Adolescent; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Saudi Arabia; Disease Outbreaks; United Arab Emirates; Vaccination; Meningococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 37051899
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2193120 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2023Neisseria meningitidis is a human-adapted pathogen that causes meningitis and sepsis worldwide. N. meningitidis factor H-binding protein (fHbp) provides a mechanism for... (Review)
Review
Neisseria meningitidis is a human-adapted pathogen that causes meningitis and sepsis worldwide. N. meningitidis factor H-binding protein (fHbp) provides a mechanism for immune evasion by binding human complement factor H (CFH) to protect it from complement-mediated killing. Here, we discuss features of fHbp which enable it to engage human CFH (hCFH), and the regulation of fHbp expression. Studies of host susceptibility and bacterial genome-wide association studies (GWAS) highlight the importance of the interaction between fHbp and CFH and other complement factors, such as CFHR3, on the development of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). Understanding the basis of fHbp:CFH interactions has also informed the design of next-generation vaccines as fHbp is a protective antigen. Structure-informed refinement of fHbp vaccines will help to combat the threat posed by the meningococcus, and accelerate the elimination of IMD.
Topics: Humans; Complement Factor H; Bacterial Proteins; Antigens, Bacterial; Virulence; Carrier Proteins; Genome-Wide Association Study; Disease Susceptibility; Neisseria meningitidis; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Bacterial Vaccines
PubMed: 36941192
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.011 -
American Family Physician Aug 2020
Topics: Contraindications, Drug; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Vaccines, Attenuated; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 32803926
DOI: No ID Found -
Glycoconjugate Journal Aug 2021Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitidis worldwide. Children less than five years and adolescents are particularly affected. Nearly all invasive... (Review)
Review
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitidis worldwide. Children less than five years and adolescents are particularly affected. Nearly all invasive strains are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule, based on which, 12 N. meningitidis serogroups are differentiated. Six of them, A, B, C, W, X, and Y, cause the vast majority of infections in humans. Mono- and multi-valent carbohydrate-based vaccines against meningococcal infections have been licensed or are currently in clinical development. In this mini-review, an overview of the past and present approaches for producing meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines is provided.
Topics: Glycoconjugates; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 33905086
DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09990-y -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by , is life-threatening with a high case fatality rate (CFR) and severe sequelae. We compiled and critically discussed the... (Review)
Review
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by , is life-threatening with a high case fatality rate (CFR) and severe sequelae. We compiled and critically discussed the evidence on IMD epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and disease management in Vietnam, focusing on children. PubMed, Embase and gray literature searches for English, Vietnamese and French publications, with no date restrictions, retrieved 11 eligible studies. IMD incidence rate (/100,000 population) was 7.4 [95% confidence interval 3.6-15.3] in children under 5 years of age; driven by high rates in infants (e.g. 29.1 [8.0-106.0] in 7-11 month-olds). Serogroup B IMD was predominant. strains may have developed resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamides, ciprofloxacin, and possibly ceftriaxone. There was a lack of current data on diagnosis and treatment of IMD, which remain challenging. Healthcare professionals should be trained to rapidly recognize and treat IMD. Preventive measures, such as routine vaccination, could help address the medical need.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Incidence; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B; Serogroup; Vietnam
PubMed: 36951161
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2172922 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a major health concern which can be prevented through vaccination. Conjugate vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, and Y and two... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a major health concern which can be prevented through vaccination. Conjugate vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, and Y and two protein-based vaccines against serogroup B are currently available in the European Union.
AREAS COVERED
We present epidemiologic data for Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain using publicly available reports from national reference laboratories and national or regional immunization programs (1999-2019), aiming to confirm risk groups, and describe time trends in overall incidence and serogroup distribution, as well as impact of immunization. Analysis of circulating MenB isolates in terms of the surface factor H binding protein (fHbp) using PubMLST is discussed as fHbp represents an important MenB vaccine antigen. Predictions of potential reactivity of the two available MenB vaccines (MenB-fHbp and 4CMenB) with circulating MenB isolates are also provided as assessed using the recently developed MenDeVAR tool.
EXPERT OPINION
Understanding dynamics of IMD and continued genomic surveillance are essential for evaluating vaccine effectiveness, but also prompting proactive immunization programs to prevent future outbreaks. Importantly, the successful design of further effective meningococcal vaccines to fight IMD relies on considering the unpredictable epidemiology of the disease and combining lessons learnt from capsule polysaccharide vaccines and protein-based vaccines.
Topics: Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Meningococcal Vaccines; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B; Vaccination; Antigens, Bacterial; Serogroup; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 37316234
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2225596 -
Vaccine Jul 2023The spleen is responsible for blood filtration and mounting an immune response against pathogens. In some people the spleen must be surgically removed because of...
The spleen is responsible for blood filtration and mounting an immune response against pathogens. In some people the spleen must be surgically removed because of traumatic events or oncological and hematological conditions. These patients are at higher risk of developing diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria throughout their lives. Thus, immunisations are advised for splenectomised persons to prevent infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). This study assessed vaccination coverage (VC) among Norwegian patients with surgical asplenia. Using the Nomesco Classification of Surgical Procedures codes, patient information (age, sex, date of initial diagnosis and date of surgery) was acquired from the Norwegian Patient Registry. The National Immunization Register provided information on vaccination status and data of any subsequent invasive bacterial infections were obtained from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. From the total population of Norway, 3155 patients who had undergone complete splenectomy were identified. Of these, 914 (29.0%) had received at least one dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), 1324 (42.0%) at least one dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and 589 (18.7%) had received both. Only 4.2% of the patients had received two doses of a meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine, while 8.0% of 1467 patients splenectomised after 2014 had received at least two doses of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine. The VC for Hib was 18.7%. Nearly all splenectomised children under the age of 10 were vaccinated with Hib and PCV as these vaccines are included in the childhood immunisation program. For all vaccines, VC decreased with age. Twenty-nine invasive bacterial infections were registered post-splenectomy in 25 patients. Vaccination according to national recommendations could have prevented at least 8 (28%) of these infections. Our study showed that efforts are required to increase VC of splenectomised individuals in Norway.
Topics: Child; Humans; Bacterial Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Meningococcal Vaccines; Norway; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Splenectomy; Vaccination; Vaccines, Conjugate; Guideline Adherence; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 37336662
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.034