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Cells Jul 2019Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, which play key roles in tissue... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, which play key roles in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the most frequently used stem cells in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, it is prerequisite for BMSCs to mobilize from bone marrow and migrate into injured tissues during the healing process, through peripheral circulation. The migration of BMSCs is regulated by mechanical and chemical factors in this trafficking process. In this paper, we review the effects of several main regulatory factors on BMSC migration and its underlying mechanism; discuss two critical roles of BMSCs-namely, directed differentiation and the paracrine function-in tissue repair; and provide insight into the relationship between BMSC migration and tissue repair, which may provide a better guide for clinical applications in tissue repair through the efficient regulation of BMSC migration.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regeneration; Transcription Factors; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31357692
DOI: 10.3390/cells8080784 -
Cells Aug 2021Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Exosomes; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34440728
DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Nov 2021The multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), initially discovered from bone marrow in 1976, have been identified in nearly all tissues of human body now. The... (Review)
Review
The multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), initially discovered from bone marrow in 1976, have been identified in nearly all tissues of human body now. The multipotency of MSCs allows them to give rise to osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other lineages. Moreover, armed with the immunomodulation capacity and tumor-homing property, MSCs are of special relevance for cell-based therapies in the treatment of cancer. However, hampered by lack of knowledge about the controversial roles that MSC plays in the crosstalk with tumors, limited progress has been made with regard to translational medicine. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the prospects of MSC-associated anticancer strategies in light of therapeutic mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. In addition, the clinical trials designed to appraise the efficacy and safety of MSC-based anticancer therapies will be assessed according to published data.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunomodulation; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Neoplasms; Translational Science, Biomedical
PubMed: 34789315
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01208-w -
Cells Aug 2019In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat,... (Review)
Review
In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering. We present a brief overview of MSC extraction methods and subsequent potential for differentiation, and a comprehensive overview of their preclinical and clinical applications in regenerative medicine, and discuss future challenges.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 31412678
DOI: 10.3390/cells8080886 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells identified within subcutaneous tissue at the base of the hair follicle (dermal papilla cells), in... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells identified within subcutaneous tissue at the base of the hair follicle (dermal papilla cells), in the dermal sheets (dermal sheet cells), in interfollicular dermis, and in the hypodermis tissue. These cells are expected to play a major role in regulating skin regeneration and aging-associated morphologic disgraces and structural deficits. ADSCs are known to proliferate and differentiate into skin cells to repair damaged or dead cells, but also act by an autocrine and paracrine pathway to activate cell regeneration and the healing process. During wound healing, ADSCs have a great ability in migration to be recruited rapidly into wounded sites added to their differentiation towards dermal fibroblasts (DF), endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Additionally, ADSCs and DFs are the major sources of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins involved in maintaining skin structure and function. Their interactions with skin cells are involved in regulating skin homeostasis and during healing. The evidence suggests that their secretomes ensure: (i) The change in macrophages inflammatory phenotype implicated in the inflammatory phase, (ii) the formation of new blood vessels, thus promoting angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell differentiation and cell migration, and (iii) the formation of granulation tissues, skin cells, and ECM production, whereby proliferation and remodeling phases occur. These characteristics would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies in wound healing and skin aging and have driven more insights in many clinical investigations. Additionally, it was recently presented as the tool key in the new free-cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, ADSCs fulfill the general accepted criteria for cell-based therapies, but still need further investigations into their efficiency, taking into consideration the host-environment and patient-associated factors.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Skin Aging; Skin Diseases; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32075181
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041306 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Sep 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures enclosing proteins, lipids, RNAs, metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines. EVs have emerged as... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures enclosing proteins, lipids, RNAs, metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines. EVs have emerged as essential intercellular communication regulators in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies revealed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could either support or suppress tumor progression in different cancers by paracrine signaling via MSC-derived EVs. Evidence suggested that MSC-derived EVs could mimic their parental cells, possessing pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects, and inherent tumor tropism. Therefore, MSC-derived EVs can be a cell-free cancer treatment alternative. This review discusses different insights regarding MSC-derived EVs' roles in cancer treatment and summarizes bioengineered MSC-derived EVs' applications as safe and versatile anti-tumor agent delivery platforms. Meanwhile, current hurdles of moving MSC-derived EVs from bench to bedside are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Drug Delivery Systems; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34479611
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01141-y -
Military Medical Research Nov 2022Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common life-threatening lung diseases associated with acute and severe inflammation. Both have... (Review)
Review
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common life-threatening lung diseases associated with acute and severe inflammation. Both have high mortality rates, and despite decades of research on clinical ALI/ARDS, there are no effective therapeutic strategies. Disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity or activation of inflammatory responses leads to lung inflammation and injury. Recently, studies on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in regulating normal and pathophysiologic cell activities, including inflammation and injury responses, have attracted attention. Injured and dysfunctional cells often secrete EVs into serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with altered cargoes, which can be used to diagnose and predict the development of ALI/ARDS. EVs secreted by mesenchymal stem cells can also attenuate inflammatory reactions associated with cell dysfunction and injury to preserve or restore cell function, and thereby promote cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. This review focuses on the roles of EVs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation, particularly ALI/ARDS.
Topics: Humans; Acute Lung Injury; Extracellular Vesicles; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Inflammation; Pneumonia
PubMed: 36316787
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00417-9 -
Cell Stem Cell Nov 2022Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues and participate in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. In-vitro-expanded MSCs are employed as... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues and participate in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. In-vitro-expanded MSCs are employed as therapeutics for autoimmune diseases, organ failures, and many other chronic disorders. Remarkably, the reparative and homeostatic maintenance functions of MSCs rely on their interaction with the inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of MSCs under different pathophysiological conditions and highlight how the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs are altered in accordance with the inflammatory cues. We hope to provide new insights into the diverse immunoregulatory properties of MSCs during tissue regeneration and therapy.
Topics: Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Immunomodulation; Wound Healing; Autoimmune Diseases; Immunity; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 36332569
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.10.001 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Aug 2022Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), coming from a wide range of sources, have multi-directional differentiation ability. MSCs play vital roles in immunomodulation,... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), coming from a wide range of sources, have multi-directional differentiation ability. MSCs play vital roles in immunomodulation, hematopoiesis and tissue repair. The microenvironment of cells often refers to the intercellular matrix, other cells, cytokines and humoral components. It is also the place for cells' interaction. The stability of the microenvironment is pivotal for maintaining cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and functional activities. Abnormal changes in microenvironment components can interfere cell functions. In some diseases, MSCs can interact with the microenvironment and accelerate disease progression. This review will discuss the characteristics of MSCs and their microenvironment, as well as the interaction between MSCs and microenvironment in disease.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Hematopoiesis; Immunomodulation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 35987711
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02985-y -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Sep 2019Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from multiple biological tissues-adult bone marrow and adipose tissues and neonatal tissues such as umbilical cord and... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are isolated from multiple biological tissues-adult bone marrow and adipose tissues and neonatal tissues such as umbilical cord and placenta. In vitro, MSCs show biological features of extensive proliferation ability and multipotency. Moreover, MSCs have trophic, homing/migration and immunosuppression functions that have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. A number of clinical trials are using MSCs for therapeutic interventions in severe degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease, alone or in combination with other drugs. MSCs are promising for therapeutic applications given the ease in obtaining them, their genetic stability, their poor immunogenicity and their curative properties for tissue repair and immunomodulation. The success of MSC therapy in degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases might depend on the robustness of the biological functions of MSCs, which should be linked to their therapeutic potency. Here, we outline the fundamental and advanced concepts of MSC biological features and underline the biological functions of MSCs in their basic and translational aspects in therapy for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 31055643
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03125-1