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Endocrinology Jan 2022Cross-talk between peripheral tissues is essential to ensure the coordination of nutrient intake with disposition during the feeding period, thereby preventing metabolic... (Review)
Review
Cross-talk between peripheral tissues is essential to ensure the coordination of nutrient intake with disposition during the feeding period, thereby preventing metabolic disease. This mini-review considers the interactions between the key peripheral tissues that constitute the metabolic clock, each of which is considered in a separate mini-review in this collation of articles published in Endocrinology in 2020 and 2021, by Martchenko et al (Circadian rhythms and the gastrointestinal tract: relationship to metabolism and gut hormones); Alvarez et al (The microbiome as a circadian coordinator of metabolism); Seshadri and Doucette (Circadian regulation of the pancreatic beta cell); McCommis et al (The importance of keeping time in the liver); Oosterman et al (The circadian clock, shift work, and tissue-specific insulin resistance); and Heyde et al (Contributions of white and brown adipose tissues to the circadian regulation of energy metabolism). The use of positive- and negative-feedback signals, both hormonal and metabolic, between these tissues ensures that peripheral metabolic pathways are synchronized with the timing of food intake, thus optimizing nutrient disposition and preventing metabolic disease. Collectively, these articles highlight the critical role played by the circadian clock in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Endocrinology; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Feedback, Physiological; Feeding Behavior; Hepatocytes; Homeostasis; Humans; Intestines; Islets of Langerhans; Liver; Mammals; Metabolic Diseases; Microbiota; Models, Biological; Muscle Cells; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 34534278
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab199 -
Nutrients Jun 2023Obesity represents the most prevalent metabolic disease nowadays, posing a significant public health risk [...].
Obesity represents the most prevalent metabolic disease nowadays, posing a significant public health risk [...].
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 37375555
DOI: 10.3390/nu15122651 -
Open Biology Dec 2020Adipose, or fat, tissue (AT) was once considered an inert tissue that primarily existed to store lipids, and was not historically recognized as an important organ in the... (Review)
Review
Adipose, or fat, tissue (AT) was once considered an inert tissue that primarily existed to store lipids, and was not historically recognized as an important organ in the regulation and maintenance of health. With the rise of obesity and more rigorous research, AT is now recognized as a highly complex metabolic organ involved in a host of important physiological functions, including glucose homeostasis and a multitude of endocrine capabilities. AT dysfunction has been implicated in several disease states, most notably obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The study of AT has provided useful insight in developing strategies to combat these highly prevalent metabolic diseases. This review highlights the major functions of adipose tissue and the consequences that can occur when disruption of these functions leads to systemic metabolic dysfunction.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biomarkers; Disease Susceptibility; Energy Metabolism; Exosomes; Extracellular Space; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipolysis; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Organogenesis
PubMed: 33292104
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200291 -
Biomolecules May 2021Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the di-oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate active eicosanoid products.... (Review)
Review
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the di-oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate active eicosanoid products. 12-lipoxygenases (12-LOXs) primarily oxygenate the 12th carbon of its substrates. Many studies have demonstrated that 12-LOXs and their eicosanoid metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (12-HETE), have significant pathological implications in inflammatory diseases. Increased level of 12-LOX activity promotes stress (both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum)-mediated inflammation, leading to damage in these tissues. 12-LOXs are also associated with enhanced cellular migration of immune cells-a characteristic of several metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme in animal models of various diseases has shown to be protective against disease development and/or progression in animal models in the setting of diabetes, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease, suggesting a translational potential of targeting the enzyme for the treatment of several disorders. In this article, we review the role of 12-LOXs in the pathogenesis of several diseases in which chronic inflammation plays an underlying role.
Topics: Animals; Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 34064822
DOI: 10.3390/biom11050717 -
The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology Nov 2021Up to 50% of the people who have died from COVID-19 had metabolic and vascular disorders. Notably, there are many direct links between COVID-19 and the metabolic and... (Review)
Review
Up to 50% of the people who have died from COVID-19 had metabolic and vascular disorders. Notably, there are many direct links between COVID-19 and the metabolic and endocrine systems. Thus, not only are patients with metabolic dysfunction (eg, obesity, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes) at an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 but also infection with SARS-CoV-2 might lead to new-onset diabetes or aggravation of pre-existing metabolic disorders. In this Review, we provide an update on the mechanisms of how metabolic and endocrine disorders might predispose patients to develop severe COVID-19. Additionally, we update the practical recommendations and management of patients with COVID-19 and post-pandemic. Furthermore, we summarise new treatment options for patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes, and highlight current challenges in clinical management.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease Management; Humans; Hypertension; Metabolic Diseases; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity
PubMed: 34619105
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00244-8 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Nov 2020Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process involving the autophagic targeting and clearance of mitochondria destined for removal. Recent insights into the complex... (Review)
Review
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process involving the autophagic targeting and clearance of mitochondria destined for removal. Recent insights into the complex nature of the overlapping pathways regulating mitophagy illustrate mitophagy's essential role in maintaining the health of the mitochondrial network. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have changed the way mitophagy is understood, from initiation through lysosomal degradation. We outline the numerous mitophagic receptors and triggers, with a focus on basal and physiologically relevant cues, offering insight into why they lead to mitochondrial removal. We also explore how mitophagy maintains mitochondrial homeostasis at the organ and system levels and how a loss of mitophagy may play a role in a diverse group of diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. With disrupted mitophagy affecting such a wide array of physiological processes, a deeper understanding of how to modulate mitophagy could provide avenues for numerous therapies.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Lysosomes; Metabolic Diseases; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 32926082
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004029 -
Endocrinology Feb 2022An extensive literature base combined with advances in sequencing technologies demonstrate microRNA levels correlate with various metabolic diseases. Mechanistic studies... (Review)
Review
An extensive literature base combined with advances in sequencing technologies demonstrate microRNA levels correlate with various metabolic diseases. Mechanistic studies also establish microRNAs regulate central metabolic pathways and thus play vital roles in maintaining organismal energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. This review highlights research progress on the roles and regulation of microRNAs in the peripheral tissues that confer insulin sensitivity. We discuss sequencing technologies used to comprehensively define the target spectrum of microRNAs in metabolic disease that complement studies reporting physiologic roles for microRNAs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in animal models. We also discuss the emerging roles of exosomal microRNAs as endocrine signals to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 34882766
DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab250 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; beta-Arrestin 2
PubMed: 35992121
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.984253 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2023With rapid aging of the population worldwide, the number of people with dementia is dramatically increasing. Some studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome, which... (Review)
Review
With rapid aging of the population worldwide, the number of people with dementia is dramatically increasing. Some studies have emphasized that metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity and diabetes, leads to increased risks of dementia and cognitive decline. Factors such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and central obesity in metabolic syndrome are associated with synaptic failure, neuroinflammation, and imbalanced neurotransmitter levels, leading to the progression of dementia. Due to the positive correlation between diabetes and dementia, some studies have called it "type 3 diabetes". Recently, the number of patients with cognitive decline due to metabolic imbalances has considerably increased. In addition, recent studies have reported that neuropsychiatric issues such as anxiety, depressive behavior, and impaired attention are common factors in patients with metabolic disease and those with dementia. In the central nervous system (CNS), the amygdala is a central region that regulates emotional memory, mood disorders, anxiety, attention, and cognitive function. The connectivity of the amygdala with other brain regions, such as the hippocampus, and the activity of the amygdala contribute to diverse neuropathological and neuropsychiatric issues. Thus, this review summarizes the significant consequences of the critical roles of amygdala connectivity in both metabolic syndromes and dementia. Further studies on amygdala function in metabolic imbalance-related dementia are needed to treat neuropsychiatric problems in patients with this type of dementia.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Amygdala; Hippocampus; Metabolic Diseases; Dementia
PubMed: 37011482
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114647 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems.... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
Topics: Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Pancreas
PubMed: 36034454
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261