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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver,...
causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys was evaluated using tissue fungal load, organ index, and histopathological methods. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the mRNA expression of receptors and cytokines in the lung, and immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, were used to assess immune cells in the lung. The results indicated that conidia mainly colonized the lungs and caused serious injury with infection. Furthermore, dectin-1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 played a role in recognizing cells. Numerous inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23), were activated in the early stages of infection. With the high expression of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F, the Th17 pathway exerted an adaptive immune response to infection. These results can potentially aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by in giant pandas.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Cytokines; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-6; Microsporum; RNA, Messenger; Th17 Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ursidae
PubMed: 36233337
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912037 -
Infectious Diseases 2020L'Hér. is a native plant of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar which is traditionally used for various ailments. Concerned with the scope of the available evidence, we... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
L'Hér. is a native plant of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar which is traditionally used for various ailments. Concerned with the scope of the available evidence, we designed a scoping review to critically analyze scientific evidence on 's pharmacology, toxicity, and phytochemistry to validate its ethnomedical use.
METHODS
We searched without language restriction in MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science through December 2019. Both published and unpublished articles were assessed for relevance and reviewed.
RESULTS
Of 600 articles retrieved through database search, a total of 48 articles were finally included. The butanol extract of berries was more potent molluscicidal than aqueous extract. The berries had also miracidial, anthelmintic, antifungal activity, and antibacterial effect against , and spp. The methanol extracts of roots had an antifungal against , and was toxic to aquatic invertebrate and fish. The fishes were up to 4 times more sensitive than snails. Saponins were the main phytoconstituent isolated from berries. Terpenoid and phenolic were abundant in leaves and bark extracts.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies validated the traditional use of against snails, worms, and various bacterial and fungal infections. Limited phytochemical data call for future research to focus on isolation of compounds; test their toxicity and activity; and establish mechanism of action.
PubMed: 32782430
DOI: 10.1177/1178633720943509 -
Natural Products and Bioprospecting Aug 2022A new seco-anthraquinone, crispuside A (1), and three new 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, napthalenones A-C (2-4), were isolated from the roots of Rumex crispus L.,...
A new seco-anthraquinone, crispuside A (1), and three new 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, napthalenones A-C (2-4), were isolated from the roots of Rumex crispus L., along with 10 known anthraquinones (6-14) and naphthalenone (5). Their structures were fully determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including ECD, and X-ray crystallography in case of compound 5, whose absolute configuration was determined for the first time. The isolates 1, 6-14 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal activity against three skin fungi, e.g., Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum gypseum. Most of the isolates showed weak anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity. Only compound 9 exhibited obvious anti-fungal activity against E. floccosum (MIC = 2.467 ± 0.03 μM) and M. gypseum (MIC = 4.673 ± 0.077 μM), while the MIC values of the positive control terbinafine were 1.287 ± 0.012 and 0.077 ± 0.00258 μM, respectively. The results indicated that simple emodin type anthraquinone is more potential against skin fungi than its oxyglucosyl, C-glucosyl and glycosylated seco analogues.
PubMed: 35918556
DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00350-3 -
Current Medical Mycology Mar 2023Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the need for alternative medicine with higher efficiency and lower side effects. In the present study, the antifungal activities of different concentrations of methanol extract against , , and were assessed and their efficacy was evaluated in rat dermatophytosis models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The broth microdilution and well diffusion methods were used to determine the antidermatophytic activity. The study was carried out using 40 dermatophytosis-infected adults male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups (5% and 10% ointment, terbinafine, and Vaseline) and treated with ointment until complete recovery. The percentage of wound closure was calculated for each group.
RESULTS
The results revealed that methanol extract was effective to varying extents against the tested dermatophytes. The highest inhibitory activity of was found against with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 4 and 9 µg mL, respectively. The experiment revealed that 10% ointment significantly accelerated skin lesions reduction and completely cured , , and infections after 19, 25, and 38 days, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The methanol extract of exhibited significant antifungal activity and , suggesting that it could be used as an alternative to antidermatophytic therapy in a dose-dependent manner.
PubMed: 37867595
DOI: 10.18502/CMM.2023.150672 -
Cureus Dec 2023Background and purpose The complex is a globally distributed group of geophilic dermatophytes that primarily affect animals but can also rarely cause dermatomycoses in...
Background and purpose The complex is a globally distributed group of geophilic dermatophytes that primarily affect animals but can also rarely cause dermatomycoses in humans. With some regional and occupational variations, tinea corporis is the most prevalent presentation of the infection. The aim of this study was to report on the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis cases among related families, and their pets, from southern Saudi Arabia. Up-to-date information on dermatophytes and dermatophytosis is needed. Methods This is a prospective case series undertaken at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. Six patients with suspected dermatophytosis were received at our hospital in 2022 and have been followed for recovery with or without scars. Characteristics of fungal pathogens were examined phenotypically on the basis of microscopic and growth characteristics, and laboratory data were used to initiate treatment with oral fluconazole, topical terbinafine cream, or oral itraconazole. Results Clinical features and culture results confirmed tinea capitis and tinea corporis caused by , which was also present in a pet cat. Tinea capitis cases (n = 4) did not respond to fluconazole and terbinafine treatment, but treatment with itraconazole resulted in a full recovery. Tinea corporis cases (n = 2) were treated with terbinafine, which resulted in a full recovery within four weeks, with no signs of scarring. Conclusions presents with serious persistent lesions and is extremely contagious. Treatment is durable but challenging, and breaking the transmission chain is more difficult.
PubMed: 38292972
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51402 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2019Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and...
Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and 3β-hydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-diene-28,30-dioic acid 30-methyl ester (); 21 new triterpenoid saponins, glinusopposides A-U (-); and 12 known compounds (-) were isolated from the whole plants of . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. All compounds from the plants were measured for antifungal activities against and . Glinusopposide B (), glinusopposide Q (), glinusopposide T (), and glinusopposide U () showed strong inhibitory activities against (MIC 7.1, 6.7, 6.8, and 11.1 μM, respectively) and (MIC 14.3, 13.4, 11.9, and 13.0 μM, respectively). For those active compounds with an oleanane skeleton, glycosylation (-) or oxidation () of 3-OH was helpful in increasing the activity; replacement of the 30-methyl group () by a carboxymethyl group () enhanced the activity; the presence of 11,13(18) double bonds () decreased the activity.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Glycosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microsporum; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Molluginaceae; Trichophyton; Triterpenes
PubMed: 31212847
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122206 -
Biology Dec 2021Although keratinophilic fungi on avian feathers have been widely described, data from European literature are quite lacking regarding Mediterranean countries. The aim of...
Although keratinophilic fungi on avian feathers have been widely described, data from European literature are quite lacking regarding Mediterranean countries. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the occurrence of fungal species on feathers of different avian species in Italy. A total of 378 feather samples from both aquatic (n = 254) and terrestrial birds (n = 124), for a total of 30 bird species, were cultured for keratinophilic fungi. Fungal isolates were recognized by their macro- and micro-scopical morphology, and results were corroborated by PCR and sequencing. Keratinophilic fungi belonging to 11 different species (, , , , sp., , sp., and ) were isolated from 71 animals (18.8%). The frequency of isolation of keratinophilic species from terrestrial birds was significantly higher in waterfowl. Migratory birds in Italy have been proven to carry pathogenic fungi such as dermatophytes, (), besides saprophytic species.
PubMed: 34943235
DOI: 10.3390/biology10121317 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jul 2021The keratinolytic activities of dermatophyte species are accompanied by the secretion of enzymes, such as serine proteases, which are coded by the Subtilisin (SUB)...
Subtilisin Gene Activity in Dermatophytes: A study on the Presence of the Subtilisin Gene in Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum gypseum in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples in Tehran, Iran.
The keratinolytic activities of dermatophyte species are accompanied by the secretion of enzymes, such as serine proteases, which are coded by the Subtilisin (SUB) genes. This study aimed to determine the presence of the SUB genes in the clinical and nonclinical samples of Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum gypseum. Isolation was carried out by direct and laboratory examination. Following that, for the determination of the presence of the SUB gene, polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was conducted. The frequencies of the SUB gene were observed in almost 66% of the isolates. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the presence of the SUB gene and the samples collected from human, animals, and soil (p ˂0.005). The current investigation has been the first study of the presence/absence of the SUB gene in the clinical and nonclinical isolates of T. verrucosum and M. gypseum in Iran which may be a new step to perform further studies.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Humans; Iran; Subtilisin
PubMed: 34223724
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.126417.1343 -
Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 2021A descriptive observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The clinical characteristics, etiologic agents, treatments and outcome of 33 cases of tinea...
A descriptive observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The clinical characteristics, etiologic agents, treatments and outcome of 33 cases of tinea capitis in the Mycology Unit at Francisco J. Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires City between January 2015 and December 2019 were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 7 years, 21 of whom were male, 3 were HIV-positive and 22 had pets. The isolated etiologic agents were the following: Microsporum canis in 22 cases, Trichophyton tonsurans in 8, Nannizzia gypsea in 2 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in one patient. Suppurative tinea capitis (krion Celsi) was detected in 10 cases and the same number of patients presented other skin locations of their dermatophytosis in addition to those in the scalp. Twenty-one cases were orally treated with griseofulvin and 12 with terbinafine. Those patients with suppurative tinea capitis received drops of betamethasone by mouth besides the antifungal drugs. All patients had good clinical and mycological response to the treatments, all lesions disappeared, and mycological studies turned negative by the end of the treatments. We conclude that both drugs were effective for the treatment of tinea capitis; however, lesions in those cases receiving terbinafine involuted more slowly.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Naphthalenes; Terbinafine; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 33618899
DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.01.004 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Nov 2022Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses, and the identification of their etiological agents is routinely performed by culture and microscopic features, which is...
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses, and the identification of their etiological agents is routinely performed by culture and microscopic features, which is time-consuming and relies on personnel expertise. Molecular approaches have been developed to provide faster and reliable results; therefore, this study aimed to identify dermatophytes isolated from Alagoas state patients, employing phenotypical and molecular methods.
METHODOLOGY
Clinical samples for morphological identification were collected from private and public laboratories and cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. DNA extraction was followed by ITS amplicon analysis after restriction enzyme digestion DdeI (ITS-RFLP).
RESULTS
Out of fourteen representative strains, ITS-RFLP with DdeI efficiently identified Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea, and Trichophyton rubrum, while species of the complex T. tonsurans/T. mentagrophytes presented the same restriction pattern. After genotyping, 2 T. tonsurans and 1 Microsporum sp. strain were reclassified as T. rubrum.
CONCLUSIONS
RFLP of ITS-region followed by DdeI digestion produced faster and relatively reliable results than classic methods; however, this method has not been as efficient for closely related dermatophytes cryptic species.
Topics: Humans; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Arthrodermataceae; Brazil; Dermatomycoses; Culture Media
PubMed: 36449651
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17077