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Public Health Nutrition Apr 2021To examine the prevalence and nutrient composition of menu offerings targeted to customers with dietary restrictions at US fast casual and full-service chain restaurants.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the prevalence and nutrient composition of menu offerings targeted to customers with dietary restrictions at US fast casual and full-service chain restaurants.
DESIGN
We used 2018 data from MenuStat, a database of nutrient information for menu items at large US chain restaurants. Five alternative diets were examined: gluten-free, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, low-fat and vegetarian. Diet offerings were identified by searching MenuStat item descriptions and reviewing online menus. For each diet, we reported counts and proportions. We used bootstrapped multilevel models to examine differences in predicted mean kilojoules, saturated fat, Na and sugars between diet and non-diet menu items.
SETTING
Forty-five US fast casual and full-service chain restaurants in 2018 (including 6419 items in initial analytic sample across small plates, salads and main dishes).
PARTICIPANTS
None.
RESULTS
The most prevalent diets were gluten-free (n 631, 9·8 % of menu items), low-calorie (n 306, 4·8 %) and vegetarian (n 230, 3·6 %). Compared with non-diet counterparts, low-calorie main dishes had significantly lower levels of all nutrients examined and vegetarian main dishes had significantly lower levels of all nutrients except saturated fat. Gluten-free small plates had significantly fewer kilojoules, grams of saturated fat and milligrams of Na compared with non-diet small plates.
CONCLUSIONS
A small proportion of fast casual and full-service restaurant menus are targeted towards customers with dietary restrictions. Compared with non-diet items, those classified as gluten-free, low-calorie or vegetarian generally have healthier nutrient profiles, but overall nutrient values are still too high for most menu items, regardless of dietary label.
Topics: Diet, Gluten-Free; Energy Intake; Humans; Nutrients; Prevalence; Restaurants
PubMed: 33431097
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021000112 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment is responsible for substantial gastrin elevation secondary to reduced intragastric acidity. Due to the increasing global prevalence... (Review)
Review
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment is responsible for substantial gastrin elevation secondary to reduced intragastric acidity. Due to the increasing global prevalence of PPI users, concerns have been raised about the clinical significance of continuous gastrin elevation and its potential long-term side effects. Hypergastrinemia secondary to PPIs has trophic effects on gastric mucosa, leading to enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and gastric (fundic) polyp formation, and it is believed to provoke acid rebound following PPI withdrawal that induces PPI overutilization. Previous studies have found higher gastrin release following PPI therapy in females compared with males, and sex differences have also been demonstrated in pharmacokinetic parameters and dose requirements for acid reflux. It is conceivable that females might be at increased risk of PPI overuse, because they often receive higher milligram-per-kilogram doses. The prevalence of PPI use is more common among females, and the female sex is a risk factor for adverse drug reactions. This non-systematic review outlines the current knowledge of the impact of biological sex on the response to PPIs. The aim is to highlight the female sex as a potential risk factor that could be a step toward precision medicine and should be considered in future research on the response to PPI treatment.
PubMed: 38139847
DOI: 10.3390/ph16121722 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2023To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PRP and PRF with and without nanosilver.
AIM
To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PRP and PRF with and without nanosilver.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials were tested in powdered form is nanosilver. The nanosilver particles was mixed to form with PRP and PRF so as to placed in a wells followed the groups are experimental groups; Group I: PRP + nanosilver particles, Group II: PRF + nanosilver and control group: PRP and PRF and normal saline. Silver nanoparticles was tested at concentrations of 50 μ gram per mL. The powder was prepared for each group with identical amount of the powder (milligram/mg) and then mixed with 1 milliliter liquid. The plates are then incubated at 37°C under appropriate atmospheric conditions (80% N, 10% CO 10% H) for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours under anaerobic conditions in a CO incubator. The diameters of the zones of bacterial and fungal growth inhibition around the wells containing the test substances are then recorded after the period of incubation. The inhibitory zone determined in millimeter by measuring scale the shortest distance between the outer margin of the well and initial microbial as well as fungal growth. The experiments were performed 20 times and the mean and standard deviations of the inhibitory zones were calculated.
RESULT
Platelet rich fibrin is mixed with nanosilver particles showed higher antimicrobial efficacy than platelet rich plasma with nanosilver and simple platelet rich plasma and platelet rich fibrin are equivalent when it is placed against the anaerobic bacteria E.faecalis and yeast like fungi Candida albicans, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Groups presented with antimicrobial efficacy in this order- Group IV > Group II > Group III > Group I.
PubMed: 37694058
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_72_23 -
Talanta Jan 2023Brassica plants play an important role in common agricultural practices, such as livestock feed or biofumigation, due to the bioactivity of the natural degradation...
Brassica plants play an important role in common agricultural practices, such as livestock feed or biofumigation, due to the bioactivity of the natural degradation products of glucosinolate metabolites. Therefore, the ability to survey comprehensive glucosinolate profiles for individual brassicas is essential for informing proper species selection for the intended application. Current methods for glucosinolate identification and quantification involve complex or unconventional procedures, and proper reference materials are not readily available. Therefore, researchers with limited resources that require glucosinolate profiles are at an extreme disadvantage. In this work, a simple and accurate HPLC-MS method was developed and validated to build preliminary glucosinolate profiles for three agriculturally relevant forage brassica varieties [turnip (B. rapa L.), canola (B. napus L.), and rapeseed (B. napus L.)]. The average glucosinolate content across three herbage collection dates for canola, rapeseed and turnip were 2.9 ± 0.9 mg g, 6.4 ± 1.3 mg g, and 14 ± 3.4 mg g, respectively. GLS concentrations are reported in milligrams of glucosinolate, calculated as sinigrin equivalents, per gram of dry plant material. This semi-quantitative approach for reporting total GLS content in brassicas is accurate within 15%. Several minor individual glucosinolates were identified that have not been previously reported in canola, rapeseed and turnip species, including glucotropaeolin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (canola), glucoraphanin and glucoberteroin (rapeseed), and glucosinalbin and glucobarbarin (turnip). This non-targeted screen of several forage brassica varieties demonstrates the inherent variation in both the individual glucosinolate content and the total glucosinolate profile among brassicas, and highlights the importance of such glucosinolate characterization in agricultural practices. Additionally, the method developed in this study can be used as a tool for researchers with limited resources to build accurate glucosinolate profiles of brassica plants.
Topics: Brassica; Brassica napus; Brassica rapa; Glucosinolates
PubMed: 35961082
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123814 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Jul 2021Opioids have been linked to worse oncologic outcomes in surgical patients. Studies in certain cancer types have identified associations between survival and...
BACKGROUND
Opioids have been linked to worse oncologic outcomes in surgical patients. Studies in certain cancer types have identified associations between survival and intra-tumoural opioid receptor gene alterations, but no study has investigated whether the tumour genome interacts with opioid exposure to affect survival. We sought to determine whether intraoperative opioid exposure is associated with recurrence-specific survival and overall survival in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, and whether selected tumour genomics are associated with this relationship. Associations between ketamine and dexmedetomidine and outcomes were also studied.
METHODS
Surgical patients (N=740) with pathological stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma and next-generation sequencing data were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively maintained database.
RESULTS
On multivariable analysis, ketamine administration was protective for recurrence-specific survival (hazard ratio = 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.80; P=0.007), compared with no adjunct. Higher intraoperative oral morphine milligram equivalents were significantly associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio=1.09/10 morphine milligram equivalents, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.17; P=0.010). Significant interaction effects were found between morphine milligram equivalents and fraction genome altered and morphine milligram equivalents and CDKN2A, such that higher fraction genome altered or CDKN2A alterations were associated with worse overall survival at higher morphine milligram equivalents (P=0.044 and P=0.052, respectively). In contrast, alterations in the Wnt (P=0.029) and Hippo (P=0.040) oncogenic pathways were associated with improved recurrence-specific survival at higher morphine milligram equivalents, compared with unaltered pathways.
CONCLUSIONS
Intraoperative opioid exposure is associated with worse overall survival, whereas ketamine exposure is associated with improved recurrence-specific survival in patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. This is the first study to investigate tumour-specific genomic interactions with intraoperative opioid administration to modify survival associations.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma of Lung; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Genomics; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate
PubMed: 34147159
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.03.030 -
EClinicalMedicine Dec 2021Opioid analgesics play a key role in pain management but providing access while mitigating risk of misuse and dependence remains a challenge. Tracking global consumption...
BACKGROUND
Opioid analgesics play a key role in pain management but providing access while mitigating risk of misuse and dependence remains a challenge. Tracking global consumption of all opioids over time can help identify emerging patterns and drivers of use.
METHODS
Prescription opioid analgesic consumption was estimated for 76 countries between 2009 and 2019 using IQVIA MIDAS data. We reported country-level consumption trends in morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), assessed differences in consumption between high-income (HICs), upper-middle income (UMICs), and low- and lower-middle income countries (LMICs), and identified country-level socioeconomic drivers of consumption using fixed-effects panel regression models.
FINDINGS
Global opioid consumption rate declined from 216·3 to 151·5 morphine milligram equivalents per 1,000 inhabitants per day (MID) between 2009 and 2019, with consumption declines in the US and Germany. Overall, consumption rates increased in HICs by a median 36·6 MID (IQR, -7·5 -124·5) with substantial heterogeneity between countries. Median consumption rates were lower in UMICs (23·6 MID) and LMICs (8·3 MID) compared to HICs (345·1 MID) and increased by median 10·4 and 3·7 MID from 2009-2019, respectively. Consumption rates were associated with income (coefficient 18·84, 95% confidence interval 3·8-33·9) and trade (13·59, 1·3-25·8) in UMICs, and physician density (1·95, 1·2-2·7) in LMICs. Tramadol consumption rate increased in the study period and accounted for a relatively large proportion of total opioid volume consumed across all country-income groups.
INTERPRETATION
Substantial heterogeneity in global opioid consumption patterns reflect the challenges involved with providing adequate access to opioid treatment while avoiding potential misuse.
PubMed: 34820610
DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101198 -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Nov 2020Atorvastatin (ATO) is of the statin class and is used as an orally administered lipid-lowering drug. ATO is a reversible synthetic competitive inhibitor of... (Review)
Review
Atorvastatin (ATO) is of the statin class and is used as an orally administered lipid-lowering drug. ATO is a reversible synthetic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase thus leading to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis. It has recently been demonstrated that ATO has different pharmacological actions, which are unrelated to its lipid-lowering effects and has the ability to treat chronic airway diseases. This paper reviews the potential of ATO as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative agent after oral or inhaled administration. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using ATO under conditions associated with those found in the airways. This treatment could potentially be used to support the formulating of ATO as an inhaler for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
PubMed: 33250642
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.025 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry Nov 2019To aid in generating complex and diverse natural glycan libraries for functional glycomics, more efficient and reliable methods are needed to derivatize glycans. Here we...
To aid in generating complex and diverse natural glycan libraries for functional glycomics, more efficient and reliable methods are needed to derivatize glycans. Here we present our development of a reversible, cleavable bifunctional linker 3-(methoxyamino)propylamine (MAPA). As the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonate (Fmoc) version (F-MAPA), it is highly fluorescent and efficiently derivatizes free reducing glycans to generate closed-ring derivatives that preserve the structural integrity of glycans. A library of glycans were derivatized and used to generate a covalent glycan microarray using -hydroxysuccinimide derivatization. The array was successfully interrogated by a variety of lectins and antibodies, demonstrating the importance of closed-ring chemistry. The glycan derivatization was also performed at large scale using milligram quantities of glycans and excess F-MAPA, and the reaction system was successfully recycled up to five times, without an apparent decrease in conjugation efficiency. The MAPA-glycan is also easy to link to protein to generate neoglycoproteins with equivalent glycan densities. Importantly, the MAPA linker can be reversibly cleaved to regenerate free reducing glycans for detailed structural analysis (catch-and-release), often critical for functional studies of undefined glycans from natural sources. The high conjugation efficiency, bright fluorescence, and reversible cleavage of the linker enable access to natural glycans for functional glycomics.
Topics: Carbohydrate Conformation; Fluorescence; Glycomics; Glycoproteins; Humans; Microarray Analysis; Polysaccharides; Propylamines
PubMed: 31600064
DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00613 -
Communications Biology Nov 2022Structural investigations of amyloid fibrils often rely on heterologous bacterial overexpression of the protein of interest. Due to their inherent hydrophobicity and...
Structural investigations of amyloid fibrils often rely on heterologous bacterial overexpression of the protein of interest. Due to their inherent hydrophobicity and tendency to aggregate as inclusion bodies, many amyloid proteins are challenging to express in bacterial systems. Cell-free protein expression is a promising alternative to classical bacterial expression to produce hydrophobic proteins and introduce NMR-active isotopes that can improve and speed up the NMR analysis. Here we implement the cell-free synthesis of the functional amyloid prion HET-s(218-289). We present an interesting case where HET-s(218-289) directly assembles into infectious fibril in the cell-free expression mixture without the requirement of denaturation procedures and purification. By introducing tailored C and N isotopes or CF and CHF labels at strategic amino-acid positions, we demonstrate that cell-free synthesized amyloid fibrils are readily amenable to high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR at sub-milligram quantity.
Topics: Amyloid; Prions; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Amyloidogenic Proteins; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36352173
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04175-1