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Open Forum Infectious Diseases Nov 2019Oral daily tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective for...
BACKGROUND
Oral daily tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective for HIVprevention, yet long-term effects are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of PrEP on the rectal microbiome in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM).
METHODS
This cross-sectional analysis included HIV-negative MSM either on PrEP (n = 37) or not (n = 37) selected from an ongoing cohort using propensity score matching. Rectal swabs were used to examine microbiome composition using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing, and associations between PrEP use and microbiota abundance were examined. Hair specimens were used to quantify TFV and FTC exposure over the past 6 weeks on a subset of participants (n = 15).
RESULTS
Pre-exposure prophylaxis use was associated with a significant increase in abundance (adjusted = .015). Similar associations were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, confirming the increase in and also showing increased , , and decreased . Increased was significantly associated with increasing TFV exposure.
CONCLUSIONS
Oral TDF/FTC for PrEP is associated with rectal microbiome changes compared to well matched controls, specifically increased and abundance. This study highlights the need for future investigations of the role of microbiome changes on HIV susceptibility and effectiveness of PrEP.
PubMed: 32258202
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz463 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2021Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in piglet growth. However, the effect of dietary Trp on microbial flora is still poorly understood. A total of 40 28-d weaned...
Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in piglet growth. However, the effect of dietary Trp on microbial flora is still poorly understood. A total of 40 28-d weaned piglets were allocated to four groups with 10 barrows per group and one pig per replicate. Piglets were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.14%, 0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35% Trp for four weeks. Five piglets from each diet group were euthanized, and blood and tissue samples were collected. The average daily body weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, spleen index, pancreas index, longissimus dorsi muscle index, plasma insulin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, and Trp concentrations of weaned piglets increased in a dose-dependent manner ( < 0.05). Compared with the 0.14% Trp diet, the adequate-Trp diets (0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35%) down-regulated the relative abundances of 12 genera including , and ( < 0.05); up-regulated the abundances of , and in the colon ( < 0.05); and augmented the mRNA level and concentration of porcine β-defensin 2 in the small intestinal mucosa ( < 0.05). Moreover, Trp-adequate diets increased the abundances of Trp hydroxylase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, porcine β-defensin 2, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphorylated protein kinase B in the small intestinal mucosa ( < 0.05). We noted that a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.35% Trp may be a nutritional strategy to improve growth performance, intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, and intestinal microbial ecology in weaned piglets.
PubMed: 33799457
DOI: 10.3390/ani11030817 -
Animal Bioscience Feb 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) product containing of Bifidobacterium animalis,...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) product containing of Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cerevisiae on growth, health, and fecal bacterial composition of dairy calves during the first month of life.
METHODS
Forty Holstein calves (24 female and 16 male) at 2 d of age were grouped by sex and date of birth then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: milk replacer supplementation with 0 g (0MSP), 2 g (2MSP), 4 g (4MSP), and 6 g (6MSP) MSP per calf per day.
RESULTS
Supplementation of MSP did not result in any significant differences in parameters of body measurements of calves during the 30 d period. As the dosage of MSP increased, the average daily gain (p = 0.025) and total dry matter intake (p = 0.020) of calves showed a linear increase. The fecal consistency index of the 2MSP, 4MSP, and 6MSP group calves were lower than that of the 0MSP group calves (p = 0.003). As the dosage of MSP increased, the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.068) and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.081) in serum tended to decrease, whereas the concentration of total cholesterol increased quadratically (p = 0.021). The relative abundance of Dorea in feces was lower (p = 0.011) in the 2MSP, 4MSP, and 6MSP group calves than that in the 0MSP group calves. The relative abundance of Dorea (p = 0.001), Faecalibacterium (p = 0.050), and Mitsuokella (p = 0.030) decreased linearly, whereas the relative abundance of Prevotella tended to increase linearly as the dosage of MSP increased (p = 0.058).
CONCLUSION
The MSP product can be used to reduce the diarrhea, improve the performance, and alter the composition of the fecal bacteria in neonatal dairy calves under the commercial conditions.
PubMed: 34445849
DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0084 -
Infectious Diseases and Therapy Mar 2021This study aimed to analyze the diversity of intestinal flora in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and investigate the effect of entecavir on the intestinal flora...
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to analyze the diversity of intestinal flora in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and investigate the effect of entecavir on the intestinal flora in these patients.
METHODS
Thirty patients with CHB and 30 healthy controls were recruited from the Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Gastroenterology of Shanghai Tongji Hospital between January 2017 and December 2018. Stool samples were collected for the detection of intestinal flora by high-throughput sequencing. Patients with CHB received antivirus therapy with entecavir for 8 weeks. The biochemical and virological responses were assessed and the intestinal flora were compared.
RESULTS
After entecavir treatment, the blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA reduced significantly in patients with CHB and the species abundance of intestinal flora increased markedly. In patients with CHB, the unique genera included Butyrivibrio, Phaseolus acutifolius, and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group before treatment and Howardella, Candidatus Stoquefichus, Citrobacter, Dysgonomonas, Faecalicoccus, Methanobrevibacter, Mitsuokella, Mobilitalea, Succinivibrio, Gluconobacter, and Plesiomonas after treatment. The abundance of the following genera increased significantly after entecavir treatment in patients with CHB: Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-007, and Intestinibacter. The abundance of Streptococcus, Atopobium, and Murdochiella reduced markedly after entecavir treatment in patients with CHB.
CONCLUSION
After 8-week entecavir treatment, the blood biochemical, immunological, and virological responses improved significantly, the species abundance of intestinal flora increased markedly, and there were unique genera in patients with CHB before and after treatment.
PubMed: 33111216
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00355-w -
Current Research in Microbial Sciences 2024Spontaneous fermentation of flour enhances the nutritional potential of this hybrid cereal. However, the effect of consumption of sourdough bread (SDB) on gut health...
Spontaneous fermentation of flour enhances the nutritional potential of this hybrid cereal. However, the effect of consumption of sourdough bread (SDB) on gut health remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the effect of digestion and faecal fermentation of SDB compared to that of traditional baker's yeast (BYB) bread. After 24-h anaerobic faecal fermentation, both SDB and BYB (1% w/v) induced an increase in the relative abundances of , and genera compared to baseline, while concentrations of acetate and butyrate were significantly higher at 24 h for SDB compared to those for BYB. Integrity of intestinal epithelium, as assessed through trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay, was slightly increased after incubation with SDB fermentation supernatants, but not after incubation with BYB fermentation supernatants. The SDB stimulated mucosal immune response by inducing early secretion of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, followed by downregulation of the inflammatory trigger through induction of anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. Overall, our findings suggest that sourdough can modulate gut microbiota fermentation activity and positively impact the gut health.
PubMed: 38116184
DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100214 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Nov 2023Beer is a source of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, which can reach the large intestine and interact with colonic microbiota. However, the effects of beer...
Beer is a source of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, which can reach the large intestine and interact with colonic microbiota. However, the effects of beer consumption in the gastrointestinal function have scarcely been studied. This paper reports, for the first time, the in vitro digestion of beer and its impact on intestinal microbiota metabolism. Three commercial beers of different styles were subjected to gastrointestinal digestion using the simgi® model, and the digested fluids were further fermented in triplicate with faecal microbiota from a healthy volunteer. The effect of digested beer on human gut microbiota was evaluated in terms of microbial metabolism (short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and ammonium ion), microbial diversity and bacterial populations (plate counting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing). Monitoring beer polyphenols through the different digestion phases showed their extensive metabolism, mainly at the colonic stage. In addition, a higher abundance of taxa related to gut health, especially Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Mitsuokella and Succinilasticum at the genus level, and the Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae families were found in the presence of beers. Regarding microbial metabolism, beer feeding significantly increased microbial SCFA production (mainly butyric acid) and decreased ammonium content. Overall, these results evidence the positive actions of moderate beer consumption on the metabolic activity of colonic microbiota, suggesting that the raw materials and brewing methods used may affect the beer gut effects.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Beer; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Digestion; Polyphenols; Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 37803545
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113228 -
European Journal of Medical Research Feb 2024During normal pregnancy, changes in the gut microbiota (GM) in response to physiological alterations in hormonal secretion, immune functions and homeostasis have...
INTRODUCTION
During normal pregnancy, changes in the gut microbiota (GM) in response to physiological alterations in hormonal secretion, immune functions and homeostasis have received extensive attention. However, the dynamic changes in the GM during three consecutive trimesters of pregnancy and their relationship with glucose and lipid metabolism have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the diversity and species of the GM during three consecutive trimesters in women who naturally conceived, and their relationships with abnormal fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum lipid levels.
METHODS
A total of 30 pregnant women without any known chronic or autoimmune inflammatory disease history before pregnancy were enrolled during the first trimester. Serum and stool samples were collected during the first trimester, the second trimester, and the third trimester. Serum samples were tested for FBG and blood lipid levels, and stool specimens were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing.
RESULTS
The abundance ratio of bacteroidetes/firmicutes showed an increasing tendency in most of the subjects (19/30, 63.3%) from the first to the third trimester. LEfSe analysis showed that the abundance of Bilophila was significantly increased from the first to the third trimester. In addition, at the genus level, the increased relative abundance of Mitsuokella, Clostridium sensu stricto and Weissella were potentially involved in the development of high FBG during pregnancy. The raised relative abundance of Corynebacterium, Rothia and Granulicatella potentially contributed to the occurrence of dyslipidemia during pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS
There are dynamic changes in the GM during the three trimesters, and the alterations in some bacterium abundance may contribute to the development of high FBG and dyslipidemia during pregnancy. Monitoring enterotypes and correcting dysbiosis in the first trimester may become new strategies for predicting and preventing glucolipid metabolism disorders during pregnancy.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lipid Metabolism; Glucose; Dyslipidemias; Lipids
PubMed: 38347605
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01702-0 -
Animal Microbiome May 2020Dietary yeast inclusions in a pig diet may drive changes both in gut bacterial composition and bacterial functional profile. This study investigated the effect of...
BACKGROUND
Dietary yeast inclusions in a pig diet may drive changes both in gut bacterial composition and bacterial functional profile. This study investigated the effect of Cyberlindnera jadinii as a protein to replace 40% of the conventional proteins in a diet for weanling pigs on the microbiota in the small and large intestine, colonic short-chain fatty acid concentration, and colonic histopathology parameters. Seventy-two pigs weaned at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to either a control or a C. jadinii-based diet and followed for 2 weeks.
RESULTS
Compared with the controls, higher numbers of cultivable lactic acid-producing bacteria in the small and large intestine were registered in the yeast group. Alpha and beta bacterial diversity were different between the diet groups with lower alpha-diversity and distinct bacterial composition in the large intestine in the yeast group compared with those of the controls. The large intestine microbiota in the yeast group had higher numbers of Prevotella, Mitsuokella and Selenomonas compared with those of the controls. The concentrations of colonic acetate and butyrate were higher in the controls compared with that of the yeast group. The colonic crypt depth was deeper in the control group. The gut histopathology of colonic tissues revealed no differences between the diets. The colonic crypt depth tended to be deeper with higher relative abundance of an unclassified Spirochetes, higher colonic butyrate concentration, and higher bacterial richness. The concentration of colonic butyrate was positively associated with the relative abundance of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Dialister, and an unclassified amplicon of the Spirochaetaceae family in the colon.
CONCLUSIONS
The replacement of the conventional proteins by proteins from Cyberlindnera jadinii in a weanling pig diet reshaped the large intestine microbiota structure. The novel yeast diet appeared to be selective for Lactobacillus spp., which may represent an added value resulting from using the sustainably produced yeast protein ingredient as an alternative to conventional protein ingredients in animal diets. The large intestine bacterial composition and their metabolites may be involved in an adaptive alteration of the colonic crypts without pathological consequences.
PubMed: 33499966
DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00031-x -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2019Natural plant extracts and probiotics has been proved as the most preferred and effective alternatives for antibiotics in animal feeding. The current study aimed to...
The Facilitating Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids and on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Antioxidant Capacity, and Fecal Microbiota of Weaned Piglets.
Natural plant extracts and probiotics has been proved as the most preferred and effective alternatives for antibiotics in animal feeding. The current study aimed to investigate the facilitating effect of tartary buckwheat flavonoids and on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and microbiota of weaned piglets. Fifty 35-day-old weaned piglets (7.85 ± 0.67 kg) were randomly divided into five treatments with 10 piglets per treatment. Piglets in the negative control (NC) group were fed a basal diet, and others were fed basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate (positive control, PC), 10 CFU/kg (LP), 40 mg/kg of tartary buckwheat flavonoids (BF), and a combination of 10 CFU/kg and 40 mg/kg of tartary buckwheat flavonoids (LB). Supplementation of BF increased the average daily gain of piglets in the BF group ( < 0.05). The nutrient digestibility of piglets in the NC group was lower than that in other groups, while the digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, and phosphorus of piglets in the LB group was higher than the other four groups ( < 0.05). Compared with the NC and pC group, supplementation of Lp increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and catalase (CAT), while the BF increased the content of IgA and IgM ( < 0.05). Supplementation of colistin sulfate decreased the alpha diversity index, including chao and observed species, while the addition of Lp or combination of Lp and BF increased the abundance of or in fecal samples, respectively. The results indicated that supplementation of can improve the antioxidant capacity, while tartary buckwheat flavones can increase the growth performance and immune ability of weaned piglets. Moreover, in combination, they promote nutrient digestibility.
PubMed: 31752173
DOI: 10.3390/ani9110986 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Medicated feed is a common strategy to control the occurrence of Streptococcus suis disease in swine production, but feed additives may constitute an alternative to...
Medicated feed is a common strategy to control the occurrence of Streptococcus suis disease in swine production, but feed additives may constitute an alternative to metaphylaxis. In a farm with post-weaning S. suis disease, the following additives were tested: lysozyme (Lys), medium chain fatty acids plus lysozyme (FA + Lys), FA plus a natural anti-inflammatory (FA + antiinf) and amoxicillin (Amox). During the course of the study, FA + antiinf and Amox groups showed lower prevalence of clinical signs compatible with S. suis disease than the rest of the groups. Piglets from the FA + antiinf group showed high diversity and richness in their nasal and faecal microbiota. Diet supplements did not have major effects on the faecal microbiota, where the genus Mitsuokella was the only differentially present in the FA + Lys group. In the nasal microbiota, piglets from FA + antiinf presented higher differential abundance of a sequence variant from Ruminococcaceae and lower abundance of an unclassified genus from Weeksellaceae. In general, we detected more significant changes in the nasal than in the feacal microbiota, and found that parity of the dams affected the microbiota composition of their offspring, with piglets born to gilts exhibiting lower richness and diversity. Our results suggest that additives could be useful to control post-weaning disease when removing antimicrobials in farms.
Topics: Agriculture; Amoxicillin; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; DNA, Bacterial; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Feces; Female; Food Additives; Microbiota; Muramidase; Nasal Mucosa; Parity; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pregnancy; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Treatment Outcome; Weaning
PubMed: 33230191
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77313-6