-
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Computational approaches including machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence are growing in importance in all medical specialties as large data... (Review)
Review
Computational approaches including machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence are growing in importance in all medical specialties as large data repositories are increasingly being optimised. Radiation oncology as a discipline is at the forefront of large-scale data acquisition and well positioned towards both the production and analysis of large-scale oncologic data with the potential for clinically driven endpoints and advancement of patient outcomes. Neuro-oncology is comprised of malignancies that often carry poor prognosis and significant neurological sequelae. The analysis of radiation therapy mediated treatment and the potential for computationally mediated analyses may lead to more precise therapy by employing large scale data. We analysed the state of the literature pertaining to large scale data, computational analysis, and the advancement of molecular biomarkers in neuro-oncology with emphasis on radiation oncology. We aimed to connect existing and evolving approaches to realistic avenues for clinical implementation focusing on low grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), management of the elderly patient with HGG, rare central nervous system tumors, craniospinal irradiation, and re-irradiation to examine how computational analysis and molecular science may synergistically drive advances in personalised radiation therapy (RT) and optimise patient outcomes.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Computational Biology; Glioma; Humans; Machine Learning; Radiation Oncology
PubMed: 34948075
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413278 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jul 2023Glioma is the most common primary intracranial malignancy in clinical practice, and in particular, IDH-wildtype glioblastoma has the worst prognosis. In recent years,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial malignancy in clinical practice, and in particular, IDH-wildtype glioblastoma has the worst prognosis. In recent years, surgical resection combined with simultaneous radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors has made some progress, but the efficacy is still not satisfactory, which may be related to the low immunogenicity of glioma cells and the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment.
METHODS
A comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted to explore the mechanisms by which tumors suppress antitumor immune responses and produce escape, with a focus on the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
RESULTS
The mechanisms involved in immune evasion of glioma cells are complex and involve with immune cell differentiation and function.
CONCLUSION
Our review emphasizes the need for a more profound comprehension of the mechanisms involved in immune response and immune evasion in glioma, to formulate more efficacious treatment modalities.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Glioma; Brain Neoplasms; Glioblastoma; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37088950
DOI: 10.1111/cns.14217 -
Theranostics 2023Glioblastomas are the most common and malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors that occupied a highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TIME). Long noncoding...
Glioblastomas are the most common and malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors that occupied a highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TIME). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), whose expression can be modified by DNA methylation, are emerging as critical regulators in the immune system. However, knowledge about the epigenetic changes in lncRNAs and their contribution to the immune heterogeneity of glioma is still lacking. In this study, we integrated paired methylome and transcriptome datasets of glioblastomas and identified 2 robust immune subtypes based on lncRNA methylation features. The immune characteristics of glioma subtypes were compared. Furthermore, immune-related lncRNAs were identified and their relationships with immune evasion were evaluated. Glioma immunophenotypes exhibited distinct immune-related characteristics as well as clinical and epigenetic features. 149 epigenetically regulated (ER) lncRNAs were recognized that possessed inverse variation in epigenetic and transcriptional levels between glioma subtypes. Immune-related lncRNAs were further identified through the investigation of their correlation with immune cell infiltrations and immune-related pathways. In particular, the 'Hot' glioma subtype with higher immunoactivity while a worse survival outcome was found to character immune evasion features. We finally prioritized candidate ER lncRNAs associated with immune evasion markers and response to glioma immunotherapy. Among them, CD109-AS1 and LINC02447 were validated as novel immunoevasive biomarkers for glioma through experiments. In summary, our study systematically reveals the crosstalk among DNA methylation, lncRNA, and immune regulation in glioblastomas, and will facilitate the development of epigenetic immunotherapy approaches.
Topics: Glioblastoma; DNA Methylation; Humans; Tumor Escape; RNA, Long Noncoding; Cell Line, Tumor; Methylation; Immunophenotyping; Tumor Microenvironment; Glioma; Epigenesis, Genetic
PubMed: 37056564
DOI: 10.7150/thno.79874 -
The American Journal of Pathology Jun 2023Because of their ability to infiltrate normal brain tissue, gliomas frequently evade microscopic surgical excision. The histologic infiltrative property of human glioma... (Review)
Review
Because of their ability to infiltrate normal brain tissue, gliomas frequently evade microscopic surgical excision. The histologic infiltrative property of human glioma has been previously characterized as Scherer secondary structures, of which the perivascular satellitosis is a prospective target for anti-angiogenic treatment in high-grade gliomas. However, the mechanisms underlying perineuronal satellitosis remain unclear, and therapy remains lacking. Our knowledge of the mechanism underlying Scherer secondary structures has improved over time. New techniques, such as laser capture microdissection and optogenetic stimulation, have advanced our understanding of glioma invasion mechanisms. Although laser capture microdissection is a useful tool for studying gliomas that infiltrate the normal brain microenvironment, optogenetics and mouse xenograft glioma models have been extensively used in studies demonstrating the unique role of synaptogenesis in glioma proliferation and identification of potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, a rare glioma cell line is established that, when transplanted in the mouse brain, can replicate and recapitulate the human diffuse invasion phenotype. This review discusses the primary molecular causes of glioma, its histopathology-based invasive mechanisms, and the importance of neuronal activity and interactions between glioma cells and neurons in the brain microenvironment. It also explores current methods and models of gliomas.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Brain; Neurons; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37286277
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.018 -
Clinical Cancer Research : An Official... Dec 2023Treatment of IDH-mutated non-enhancing grade 2 and 3 diffuse gliomas with ivosidenib leads to reduction of tumor size when assessed via volumetric MRI. Isocitrate...
Treatment of IDH-mutated non-enhancing grade 2 and 3 diffuse gliomas with ivosidenib leads to reduction of tumor size when assessed via volumetric MRI. Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibition has a therapeutic benefit in patients with these tumors. See related article by Kamson et al., p. 4863.
Topics: Humans; Brain Neoplasms; Mutation; Glioma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 37738033
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-2164 -
Cancer Biology & Medicine Nov 2022Understanding the racial specificities of diseases-such as adult diffuse glioma, the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system-is a critical step... (Review)
Review
Understanding the racial specificities of diseases-such as adult diffuse glioma, the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system-is a critical step toward precision medicine. Here, we comprehensively review studies of gliomas in East Asian populations and other ancestry groups to clarify the racial differences in terms of epidemiology and genomic characteristics. Overall, we observed a lower glioma incidence in East Asians than in Whites; notably, patients with glioblastoma had significantly younger ages of onset and longer overall survival than the Whites. Multiple genome-wide association studies of various cohorts have revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with overall and subtype-specific glioma susceptibility. Notably, only 3 risk loci-5p15.33, 11q23.3, and 20q13.33-were shared between patients with East Asian and White ancestry, whereas other loci predominated only in particular populations. For instance, risk loci 12p11.23, 15q15-21.1, and 19p13.12 were reported in East Asians, whereas risk loci 8q24.21, 1p31.3, and 1q32.1 were reported in studies in White patients. Although the somatic mutational profiles of gliomas between East Asians and non-East Asians were broadly consistent, a lower incidence of amplification in glioblastoma and a higher incidence of 1p19q-- triple-negative low-grade glioma were observed in East Asian cohorts. By summarizing large-scale disease surveillance, germline, and somatic genomic studies, this review reveals the unique characteristics of adult diffuse glioma among East Asians, to guide clinical management and policy design focused on patients with East Asian ancestry.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Glioblastoma; Genome-Wide Association Study; Glioma; Asian People; Mutation
PubMed: 36350002
DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0418 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Gliomas are aggressive, primary central nervous system tumours arising from glial cells. Glioblastomas are the most malignant. They are known for their poor prognosis or... (Review)
Review
Gliomas are aggressive, primary central nervous system tumours arising from glial cells. Glioblastomas are the most malignant. They are known for their poor prognosis or median overall survival. The current standard of care is overwhelmed by the heterogeneous, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment promoting immune evasion and tumour proliferation. The advent of immunotherapy with its various modalities-immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses and chimeric antigen receptor T cells and NK cells-has shown promise. Clinical trials incorporating combination immunotherapies have overcome the microenvironment resistance and yielded promising survival and prognostic benefits. Rolling these new therapies out in the real-world scenario in a low-cost, high-throughput manner is the unmet need of the hour. These will have practice-changing implications to the glioma treatment landscape. Here, we review the immunobiological hallmarks of the TME of gliomas, how the TME evades immunotherapies and the work that is being conducted to overcome this interplay.
Topics: Humans; Tumor Microenvironment; Glioma; Immunotherapy; Glioblastoma; Neuroglia
PubMed: 37686020
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713215 -
Brain Research Bulletin Feb 2022Glioma is a common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Currently,...
Glioma is a common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Currently, miRNAs are considered to be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of glioma. Previously, we screened three differentially expressed miRNAs from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database which included miRNA-338-3p. miRNA-338-3p is involved in tumor development in different cancers. However, in glioma, its function and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. We found that overexpression of miRNA-338-3p suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis of glioma in vitro. Myelin transcription factor 1-like (MYT1L) was found to be a direct target of miRNA-383-3p in glioma cells as the expression of MYT1L was inhibited by overexpressing miRNA-338-3p. Additionally, silencing MYT1L produced similar effects as overexpressing miRNA-338-3p in glioma cells. Overexpression of MYT1L also completely attenuated the inhibitory effect induced by miRNA-338-3p overexpression. These results suggest that the miRNA-338-3p/ MYT1L axis plays a critical role in the progression of glioma. Our study delineates one of the complex molecular mechanisms that drive the growth of glioma and may be useful in finding novel prognostic predictors and treatment targets in glioma. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glioma; Humans; MicroRNAs; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 34848272
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.016 -
Cancer Imaging : the Official... Mar 2024The specific genetic subtypes that gliomas exhibit result in variable clinical courses and the need to involve multidisciplinary teams of neurologists, epileptologists,... (Review)
Review
The specific genetic subtypes that gliomas exhibit result in variable clinical courses and the need to involve multidisciplinary teams of neurologists, epileptologists, neurooncologists and neurosurgeons. Currently, the diagnosis of gliomas pivots mainly around the preliminary radiological findings and the subsequent definitive surgical diagnosis (via surgical sampling). Radiomics and radiogenomics present a potential to precisely diagnose and predict survival and treatment responses, via morphological, textural, and functional features derived from MRI data, as well as genomic data. In spite of their advantages, it is still lacking standardized processes of feature extraction and analysis methodology among different research groups, which have made external validations infeasible. Radiomics and radiogenomics can be used to better understand the genomic basis of gliomas, such as tumor spatial heterogeneity, treatment response, molecular classifications and tumor microenvironment immune infiltration. These novel techniques have also been used to predict histological features, grade or even overall survival in gliomas. In this review, workflows of radiomics and radiogenomics are elucidated, with recent research on machine learning or artificial intelligence in glioma.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Radiomics; Glioma; Machine Learning; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38486342
DOI: 10.1186/s40644-024-00682-y -
The Journal of International Medical... Aug 2020We investigated the association between the consumption of fresh and processed fish and glioma risk using a meta-analysis approach. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
We investigated the association between the consumption of fresh and processed fish and glioma risk using a meta-analysis approach.
METHODS
We selected and analyzed observational studies that discussed the relationships between fresh and processed fish intake on glioma risk from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the SinoMed and Wanfang databases from inception to 31 March 2020. Studies were selected according to pre-established eligibility criteria and data were extracted separately by two researchers. A meta-analysis was conducted based on a random-effects model to provide pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
Eight studies considered the relationship between fish intake (seven fresh and seven processed fish) and glioma risk and were included in this meta-analysis. The OR effect size for fresh fish intake and glioma risk was 0.72 (95%CI 0.53-0.97) and the overall OR effect size for processed fish intake and glioma risk was 1.88 (95%CI 1.06-3.34).
CONCLUSION
Dietary intake of fresh fish may reduce the risk of glioma, but consumption of processed fish may increase the risk of glioma. This study had some limitations, and further studies are therefore required to clarify the associations between fish intake and glioma risk.
Topics: Animals; Fishes; Glioma; Humans; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32840400
DOI: 10.1177/0300060520939695