-
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last... (Review)
Review
Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last several decades. Although these viruses are unclassified, they are recognized as Beilong virus, Mojiang virus (MojV), and Tailam virus in rats, Jeilongvirus, Nariva, Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus-1 and -2 in mice, and Pentlands paramyxovirus-1, -2, and -3 in squirrels. These paramyxoviruses were reported mainly in China and a few other countries like Australia, the Republic of Korea, Trinidad, and France. In June 2012, it becomes a great concern in China whereby, three miners were reported dead potentially caused by a novel zoonotic MojV, a henipa-like virus isolated from tissue samples of rats from the same cave. Rats are considered to be natural hosts for the MojV from the literature research. The classified paramyxovirus, Sendai virus in rodents is also reviewed. Paramyxoviruses infection in rodents leads to respiratory distress such as necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia. Infections caused by paramyxoviruses often spread between species, manifesting disease in spillover hosts, including humans. This review focuses on the paramyxoviruses in rodents, including the epidemiological distributions, transmission and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and control and prevention of paramyxoviruses infection to provide a better understanding of these highly mutating viruses.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Humans; Animals; Rodentia; Paramyxovirinae; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 36650879
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.14 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunity; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Metapneumovirus; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viruses
PubMed: 35493465
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the... (Review)
Review
Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence in several geographical regions threatens some of these past accomplishments. Whereas measles eradication through vaccination is feasible, a potentially open-ended endgame of elimination may loom. Other than doubling-down on existing approaches, is it worthwhile to augment vaccination efforts with antiviral therapeutics to solve the conundrum? This question is hypothetical at present, since no drugs have yet been approved specifically for the treatment of measles, or infection by any other pathogen of the paramyxovirus family. This article will consider obstacles that have hampered anti-measles and anti-paramyxovirus drug development, discuss MeV-specific challenges of clinical testing, and define drug properties suitable to address some of these problems.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Drug Development; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 32247280
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007 -
Viruses Jul 2022Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus within the family . After the discovery of the first avian... (Review)
Review
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus within the family . After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Bornaviridae; Mononegavirales Infections; Parrots
PubMed: 35891493
DOI: 10.3390/v14071513 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Feb 2023This study reports that SARS-CoV-2 binds to cilia and reprogrammes microvilli to promote replication in the nasal airway.
This study reports that SARS-CoV-2 binds to cilia and reprogrammes microvilli to promote replication in the nasal airway.
Topics: Mucus; SARS-CoV-2; Cilia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36513767
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00842-6 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman... (Review)
Review
Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Sporadic outbreaks of filovirus disease occur in sub-Saharan Africa with reported case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. The high mortality and increasing frequency and magnitude of recent outbreaks along with the increased potential for spread from rural to urban areas highlight the importance of pandemic preparedness for these viruses. Despite their designation as high-priority pathogens, numerous scientific gaps exist in critical areas. In this review, these gaps and an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates are presented for this important virus family.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Filoviridae; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Marburgvirus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37849404
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad362 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens... (Review)
Review
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Paramyxoviridae; Nipah Virus; Vaccines; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37849400
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123 -
Cells Jan 2024Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family and genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded... (Review)
Review
Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family and genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Autophagy and apoptosis are two evolutionarily conserved and genetically regulated processes that maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis, respectively. Autophagy recycles unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular organelles and molecules in a cell, whereas apoptosis eliminates damaged or unwanted cells in an organism. Studies have shown that RABV can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in target cells. To advance our understanding of pathogenesis of rabies, this paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis induced by RABV and the effects of the two cellular events on RABV replication.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rabies virus; Rabies; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Virus Replication
PubMed: 38247875
DOI: 10.3390/cells13020183 -
Viruses Nov 2019Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Morbillivirus; Virus Diseases; Virus Internalization; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31703308
DOI: 10.3390/v11111036 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2022In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a... (Review)
Review
In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections affecting livestock and humans and assess the burden on the economy and health systems. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, attention must be paid to emerging viruses and infectious diseases, as transmission routes can be rapid and worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Livestock; Nipah Virus; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 35180217
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010157