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PloS One 2022The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal...
The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal species. Here we report the impact of rosemary oil and two of its components, the monoterpene α-pinene and the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole, against Candida albicans, which induce ROS-dependent cell death at high concentrations and inhibit hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (100% inhibition) for both rosemary oil and 1,8-cineole were 4500 μg/ml and 3125 μg/ml for α-pinene, with the two components exhibiting partial synergy (FICI = 0.55 ± 0.07). At MIC and 1/2 MIC, rosemary oil and its components induced a generalized cell wall stress response, causing damage to cellular and organelle membranes, along with elevated chitin production and increased cell surface adhesion and elasticity, leading to complete vacuolar segregation, mitochondrial depolarization, elevated reactive oxygen species, microtubule dysfunction, and cell cycle arrest mainly at the G1/S phase, consequently triggering cell death. Interestingly, the same oils at lower fractional MIC (1/8-1/4) inhibited virulence traits, including reduction of mycelium (up to 2-fold) and biofilm (up to 4-fold) formation, through a ROS-independent mechanism.
Topics: Rosmarinus; Eucalyptol; Candida albicans; Reactive Oxygen Species; Virulence; Oils, Volatile; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Antifungal Agents; Monoterpenes
PubMed: 36383525
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277097 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... Apr 2023Terrestrial plants emit volatiles into the atmosphere to attract both pollinators and the enemies of herbivores, for defense. Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid...
Terrestrial plants emit volatiles into the atmosphere to attract both pollinators and the enemies of herbivores, for defense. Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid species in which the main scent components are monoterpenes, including linalool and geraniol, and their derivatives. Here, we investigated whether ABC transporters are involved in floral scent emission. We carried out whole-genome identification of ABC transporter-related genes using four floral transcriptomics libraries of P. bellina. We identified 86 ABC subfamily G genes related to terpenoid transport. After comparing the gene expression patterns of P. bellina with that of Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana, a scentless species, followed by gene-to-gene correlation analysis, PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 were selected. The temporal expression of both PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 was highly correlated with that of the key enzyme PbGDPS and the major transcription factor PbbHLH4 in monoterpene biosynthesis, with optimal expression on day 5 post-anthesis. Spatial gene expression analysis showed that PbABCG1 was highly expressed in sepals, whereas PbABCG2 was expressed in the lip. Subcellular localization with a GFP fusion protein revealed that both PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 are cytoplasmic membrane proteins. Co-downregulation of PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 using both double-strand RNA interference and tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing led to a significant decrease in monoterpene emission, accompanied by an increase in the internal monoterpene pools. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 in an ABC16 mutant yeast strain rescued its tolerance to geraniol. Altogether, our results indicate that PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 play substantial roles in monoterpene transport/emission in P. bellina floral scent.
Topics: Monoterpenes; Plant Proteins; Flowers; Orchidaceae
PubMed: 36738107
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16133 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023plants are rich in natural essential oils, which are widely used as materials in the fragrance, insecticidal, antibacterial agent, pharmaceutical, and food industries;...
plants are rich in natural essential oils, which are widely used as materials in the fragrance, insecticidal, antibacterial agent, pharmaceutical, and food industries; however, few studies have investigated the essential oil components of . Therefore, this study investigated the diversity of essential oils from the leaves of 885 individual plants across 32 populations in five provinces. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and then qualitative and quantitative analyses of the compounds were performed by GC-MS and GC-FID. A total of 87 chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils, including 33 monoterpenes, 48 sesquiterpenes, and six other compounds. The average oil yield was 0.75%, and individual oil yields ranged from 0.01% to 4.28%. A total of 16 chemotypes were classified according to variations in the essential oil chemical constituents of , among which the camphor-type, citral-type, and eucalyptol-type were dominant. Moreover, the borneol-type, cymol-type, elemol-type, methylisoeugenol-type, and selina-6-en-4-ol-type were reported in for the first time. The yield and principal components of the essential oils were mainly affected by altitude, temperature, and sunshine duration, among which altitude had the most significant effect; thus, low-altitude areas are more suitable for the synthesis and accumulation of essential oils. Based on the different characteristics of the essential oils in the leaves of , several excellent populations and individuals were identified in this study. Moreover, the findings provide a foundation for breeding superior varieties and studying essential oil biosynthesis mechanisms in the future.
Topics: Humans; Oils, Volatile; Cinnamomum; Plant Breeding; Monoterpenes; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 37175069
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093659 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021Bee products are a well-known remedy against numerous diseases. However, from the consumers' perspective, it is essential to define factors that can affect their sensory...
Bee products are a well-known remedy against numerous diseases. However, from the consumers' perspective, it is essential to define factors that can affect their sensory acceptance. This investigation aimed to evaluate the volatile and sensory profiles, and sugar composition of beeswax, beebread, pollen, and honey. According to the HS-SPME/GC-MS results, 20 volatiles were identified in beeswax and honey, then 32 in beebread, and 33 in pollen. Alkanes were found to dominate in beeswax, beebread, and pollen, while aldehydes and monoterpenes in honey. In the case of sugars, a higher content of fructose was determined in beebread, bee pollen, and honey, whereas the highest content of glucose was assayed in beeswax. In the QDA, the highest aroma intensity characterized as honey-like and sweet was found in honey, while the acid aroma was typical of beebread. Other odor descriptors, including waxy, pungent, and plant-based aromas were noted only in beeswax, honey, and pollen, respectively.
Topics: Aldehydes; Alkanes; Animals; Bees; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Honey; Monoterpenes; Propolis; Sugars; Volatile Organic Compounds; Waxes
PubMed: 34199969
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113410 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately... (Review)
Review
Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately 40 km. In traditional Korean systems of medicine, has been used to treat cancer, constipation, hepatic disease, arteriosclerosis, poor circulation in women, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. At present, is used only for ornamental and ground cover purposes. A literature search was conducted to retrieve information regarding the essential oil composition and biological properties of from PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and other literature databases. can be divided into different chemotypes, such as γ-terpinene, thymol, phenol, carvacrol, and geraniol, according to the presence of major components in its essential oil. Further, the essential oil from has been reported to possess various therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sleep prolonging, soothing, skin protection and whitening, anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-acne properties. In conclusion, this review will be helpful for utilizing the plant in different industries including food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumery, and cosmetics.
Topics: Constipation; Female; Humans; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Thymol; Thymus Plant
PubMed: 35807496
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134251 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Vaping has become more popular and different brands and types of vaping devices have rapidly emerged. However, little is known about the potential health risks of human...
Vaping has become more popular and different brands and types of vaping devices have rapidly emerged. However, little is known about the potential health risks of human inhalation exposures to the volatile chemicals in the vapour, which includes both directly vaporised components of vaping liquid and their reaction products formed during vaping processes. This study investigated reaction products of two monoterpenes (α-pinene and terpinolene) that are used as flavouring agents in vaping liquids with a focus on the identification of reaction products and their formation pathways. The thermal desorption was conducted under an in situ condition that is in the range of heating coil temperature in vaping by thermally desorbing the chemicals at a temperature range of 100-300 °C. Additional clean air was introduced during the thermal desorption. 36 and 29 reaction products were identified from α-pinene and terpinolene, respectively, at a relative concentration of 0.01% and greater in the desorbed mixture. 3-Carene was the dominant reaction product of α-pinene, while reaction products of terpinolene was dominated by p-isopropenyltoluene. Several reaction pathways including ring opening, allylic oxidation, cyclo-etherification, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, epoxidation, cleavage and removal of partial structure, and dehydration were involved in the formation of various reaction products. These pathways and resulting relative concentrations of residual parent compound and reaction products were influenced by both temperature and amount of air present during thermal desorption. The study results demonstrate possible existence of reaction products from thermally labile chemicals like monoterpenes in vaping aerosols and can help inform policies regulating vaping devices and products to protect public health.
Topics: Humans; Monoterpenes; Temperature; Vaping; Aerosols; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
PubMed: 38066090
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49174-2 -
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of... Dec 2021The pathophysiological process of the disease, Covid-19, is mediated by innate immunity, with the presence of macrophages responsible for secreting type 1 and 6... (Review)
Review
The pathophysiological process of the disease, Covid-19, is mediated by innate immunity, with the presence of macrophages responsible for secreting type 1 and 6 interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) leading to dilation of endothelial cells with a consequent increase in capillary permeability. The treatment of this disease has been much discussed, but the variability in the clinical picture, the difficulties for diagnosis and treatment, especially of those patients who have the most severe clinical condition of the disease. Immunization is an effective tool for controlling the spread and overload of health services, but its effectiveness involves high investments in the acquisition of inputs, development of vaccines, and logistics of storage and distribution. These factors can be obstacles for countries with lower economic, technological, and infrastructure indexes. Reflecting on these difficulties, we raised the possibility of adjuvant therapies with imminent research feasibility, as is the case with the use of carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol whose has biological properties that serve as a barrier to processes mediated by free radicals, such as irritation and inflammation, due to its antioxidant action. Many authors highlighted the activity of carvacrol as a potent suppressor of COX-2 expression minimizing the acute inflammatory process, decreasing the release of some pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2. Anyway, the benefits of carvacrol are numerous and the therapeutic possibilities too. With this description, the question arises: would carvacrol be a supporting treatment option, effective in minimizing the deleterious effects of Covid-19? There is still a lot to discover and research.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; COVID-19; Cymenes; Cytokine Release Syndrome; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34669001
DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02170-7 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023L. herb and flowers have high biological activity; hence, they are used in medicine and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to perform morpho-anatomical analyses of...
L. herb and flowers have high biological activity; hence, they are used in medicine and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to perform morpho-anatomical analyses of the raw material, including secretory tissues, histochemical assays of the location of lipophilic compounds, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of essential oil (EO). Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to analyse plant structures. The qualitative analyses of EO were carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of this study showed the presence of exogenous secretory structures in the raw material, i.e., conical cells (papillae) on the adaxial surface of petal teeth and biseriate glandular trichomes on the surface flowers, bracts, stems, and leaves. Canal-shaped endogenous secretory tissue was observed in the stems and leaves. The histochemical assays revealed the presence of total, acidic, and neutral lipids as well as EO in the glandular trichome cells. Additionally, papillae located at the petal teeth contained neutral lipids. Sesquiterpenes were detected in the glandular trichomes and petal epidermis cells. The secretory canals in the stems were found to contain total and neutral lipids. The phytochemical assays demonstrated that the subsp. flowers contained over 2.5-fold higher amounts of EO (6.1 mL/kg) than the herb (2.4 mL/kg). The EO extracted from the flowers and herb had a similar dominant compounds: β-pinene, bornyl acetate, (E)-nerolidol, 1,8-cineole, borneol, sabinene, camphor, and α-pinene. Both EO samples had greater amounts of monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were detected in the EO from the herb than from the flowers.
Topics: Oils, Volatile; Achillea; Flowers; Plant Leaves; Sesquiterpenes; Monoterpenes
PubMed: 38067521
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237791 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Oct 2020Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) and its monoterpene constituents such as terpinen-4-ol (T4O), 1,8-cineole, limonene, p-cymene, and α-terpinene... (Review)
Review
Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) and its monoterpene constituents such as terpinen-4-ol (T4O), 1,8-cineole, limonene, p-cymene, and α-terpinene have been shown to be effective in controlling a wide range of parasitic infections. The anti-parasitic effects of these compounds are mainly due to their anti-histamine and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities as well as their ability to modulate host inflammatory responses. This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the uses of TTO and its 15 major monoterpene constituents in treating parasitic infections in both humans and animals. Activities against parasitic protozoans (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Acanthamoeba castellanii, Trichomonas vaginalis, Eimeria, and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), nematodes (Haemonchus contortus and Anisakis simplex), cestode (Echinococcus ortleppi), and monogeneans (Gasterosteus spp. and Dactylogyrus minutus) have been reported, showing good potentials in treating parasitic infections. Further studies are necessary for developing anti-parasite therapies using TTO or its monoterpenes constituents.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiprotozoal Agents; Helminthiasis; Humans; Melaleuca; Monoterpenes; Protozoan Infections; Tea Tree Oil
PubMed: 33503761
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110624 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2022Olive weevils, Pimelocerus (Dyscerus) perforatus Roelofs, utilize olive trees as a host plant. The adult female uses an elongated snout to puncture the trunk and lay one...
Olive weevils, Pimelocerus (Dyscerus) perforatus Roelofs, utilize olive trees as a host plant. The adult female uses an elongated snout to puncture the trunk and lay one egg a day, resulting in dozens of eggs over its lifetime. The hatched larvae grow by eating the olive trunk. When olive trees die due to feeding damage, olive productivity is seriously impaired. Since there is no effective pesticide for olive weevils so far, the authors aimed to develop a repellent for adult olive weevils from the viewpoint of integrated pest management. We prepared a measurable apparatus for the repellent action against olive weevils and screened chemical substances by using the apparatus. When the repellent activity was measured using vanillin and its derivatives, a clear repellent effect could be confirmed for two types of vanillin derivatives, such as o-vanillin, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. In addition, when the repellent activity against olive weevils was measured using monoterpenes, four types of acyclic monoterpenes, geraniol, β-citronellol, citral, and linalool, and three types of monocyclic monoterpenes, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, and (-)-menthol, and a bicyclic monoterpene, (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, were found to have dose-dependent repellent activity with statistical significance. In the future, it is expected that the formulation for applying the repellent substances to olive trees and the study of their practicality in olive fields will progress.
Topics: Animals; Benzaldehydes; Monoterpenes; Olea; Weevils
PubMed: 36047212
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00086