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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2023Upper endoscopy is the definitive treatment for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH). However, up to 13% of people who undergo upper endoscopy will have incomplete... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Upper endoscopy is the definitive treatment for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH). However, up to 13% of people who undergo upper endoscopy will have incomplete visualisation of the gastric mucosa at presentation. Erythromycin acts as a motilin receptor agonist in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and increases gastric emptying, which may lead to better quality of visualisation and improved treatment effectiveness. However, there is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of erythromycin in UGIH.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of erythromycin before endoscopy in adults with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, compared with any other treatment or no treatment/placebo.
SEARCH METHODS
We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 15 October 2021.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated erythromycin before endoscopy compared to any other treatment or no treatment/placebo before endoscopy in adults with acute UGIH.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. UGIH-related mortality and 2. serious adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were 1. all-cause mortality, 2. visualisation of gastric mucosa, 3. non-serious adverse events, 4. rebleeding, 5. blood transfusion, and 5. rescue invasive intervention. We used GRADE criteria to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 RCTs with 878 participants. The mean age ranged from 53.13 years to 64.5 years, and most participants were men (72.3%). One RCT included only non-variceal haemorrhage, one included only variceal haemorrhage, and eight included both aetiologies. We defined short-term outcomes as those occurring within one week of initial endoscopy. Erythromycin versus placebo Three RCTs (255 participants) compared erythromycin with placebo. There were no UGIH-related deaths. The evidence is very uncertain about the short-term effects of erythromycin compared with placebo on serious adverse events (risk difference (RD) -0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.04 to 0.02; 3 studies, 255 participants; very low certainty), all-cause mortality (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03; 3 studies, 255 participants; very low certainty), non-serious adverse events (RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.05; 3 studies, 255 participants; very low certainty), and rebleeding (risk ratio (RR) 0.63, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.90; 2 studies, 195 participants; very low certainty). Erythromycin may improve gastric mucosa visualisation (mean difference (MD) 3.63 points on 16-point ordinal scale, 95% CI 2.20 to 5.05; higher MD means better visualisation; 2 studies, 195 participants; low certainty). Erythromycin may also result in a slight reduction in blood transfusion (MD -0.44 standard units of blood, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.01; 3 studies, 255 participants; low certainty). Erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage versus no intervention/placebo plus nasogastric tube lavage Six RCTs (408 participants) compared erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage with no intervention/placebo plus nasogastric tube lavage. There were no UGIH-related deaths and no serious adverse events. The evidence is very uncertain about the short-term effects of erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage compared with no intervention/placebo plus nasogastric tube lavage on all-cause mortality (RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.03; 3 studies, 238 participants; very low certainty), visualisation of the gastric mucosa (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.48 points on 10-point ordinal scale, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.85; higher SMD means better visualisation; 3 studies, 170 participants; very low certainty), non-serious adverse events (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.05; 6 studies, 408 participants; very low certainty), rebleeding (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.02; 1 study, 169 participants; very low certainty), and blood transfusion (MD -1.85 standard units of blood, 95% CI -4.34 to 0.64; 3 studies, 180 participants; very low certainty). Erythromycin versus nasogastric tube lavage Four RCTs (287 participants) compared erythromycin with nasogastric tube lavage. There were no UGIH-related deaths and no serious adverse events. The evidence is very uncertain about the short-term effects of erythromycin compared with nasogastric tube lavage on all-cause mortality (RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.08; 3 studies, 213 participants; very low certainty), visualisation of the gastric mucosa (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.79; 2 studies, 198 participants; very low certainty), non-serious adverse events (RD -0.10, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.13; 3 studies, 213 participants; very low certainty), rebleeding (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.49; 1 study, 169 participants; very low certainty), and blood transfusion (median 2 standard units of blood, interquartile range 0 to 4 in both groups; 1 study, 169 participants; very low certainty). Erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage versus metoclopramide plus nasogastric tube lavage One RCT (30 participants) compared erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage with metoclopramide plus nasogastric tube lavage. The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of erythromycin plus nasogastric tube lavage on all the reported outcomes (serious adverse events, visualisation of gastric mucosa, non-serious adverse events, and blood transfusion).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We are unsure if erythromycin before endoscopy in people with UGIH has any clinical benefits or harms. However, erythromycin compared with placebo may improve gastric mucosa visualisation and result in a slight reduction in blood transfusion.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Endoscopy; Erythromycin; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Metoclopramide; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36723439
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013176.pub2 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation Nov 2020Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease affecting the CNS. Recent studies have indicated that intestinal alterations play key pathogenic...
BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease affecting the CNS. Recent studies have indicated that intestinal alterations play key pathogenic roles in the development of autoimmune diseases, including MS. The triterpene oleanolic acid (OA), due to its anti-inflammatory properties, has shown to beneficially influence the severity of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS. We herein investigate EAE-associated gut intestinal dysfunction and the effect of OA treatment.
METHODS
Mice with MOG-induced EAE were treated with OA or vehicle from immunization day and were daily analyzed for clinical deficit. We performed molecular and histological analysis in serum and intestinal tissues to measure oxidative and inflammatory responses. We used Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12 cells to elucidate OA in vitro effects.
RESULTS
We found that OA protected from EAE-induced changes in intestinal permeability and preserved the mucin-containing goblet cells along the intestinal tract. Serum levels of the markers for intestinal barrier damage iFABP and monocyte activation sCD14 were consistently and significantly reduced in OA-treated EAE mice. Beneficial OA effects also included a decrease of pro-inflammatory mediators both in serum and colonic tissue of treated-EAE mice. Moreover, the levels of some immunoregulatory cytokines, the neurotrophic factor GDNF, and the gastrointestinal hormone motilin were preserved in OA-treated EAE mice. Regarding oxidative stress, OA treatment prevented lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion accumulation in intestinal tissue, while inducing the expression of the ROS scavenger Sestrin-3. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) quantification in the cecal content showed that OA reduced the high iso-valeric acid concentrations detected in EAE-mice. Lastly, using in vitro cell models which mimic the intestinal epithelium, we verified that OA protected against intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by injurious agents produced in both EAE and MS.
CONCLUSION
These findings reveal that OA ameliorates the gut dysfunction found in EAE mice. OA normalizes the levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers, as well as the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune bias during EAE, thus reinforcing the idea that OA is a beneficial compound for treating EAE and suggesting that OA may be an interesting candidate to be explored for the treatment of human MS.
Topics: Animals; Caco-2 Cells; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Female; HT29 Cells; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Multiple Sclerosis; Oleanolic Acid; Oxidative Stress; Permeability
PubMed: 33246492
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02042-6 -
Nutrients Oct 2023To investigate the role of gastrointestinal (GI) polysaccharide fermentation in alleviating constipation, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated from a soluble fiber...
To investigate the role of gastrointestinal (GI) polysaccharide fermentation in alleviating constipation, two polysaccharide fractions were isolated from a soluble fiber extract with determined anti-constipation activity: a 2.04 kDa neutral fraction (SSP-1) contained 99.29% glucose, and a 41.66 kDa acidic fraction (SSP-2) contained 63.85% uronic acid. After mice were given loperamide for 14 d to induce constipation, the GI transit rate increased significantly in the SSP-1 group ( < 0.05) but not in the SSP-2 group. The stool weight in the SSP-2 group was significantly higher than that in SSP-1 (383.60 mg vs. 226.23 mg) ( < 0.05). Both SSP-1 and SSP-2 groups had significantly increased serum gastrin and motilin levels ( < 0.05) and changes in their fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, while SSP-1 showed better fermentation properties than SSP-2 in terms of statistically higher fecal contents of acetic acid and total SCFAs ( < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis indicated that SSP-1 upregulated bacteria such as to improve SCFA metabolism and stimulate GI hormone secretion, while SSP-2 had less influence on the gut microbiota. These results suggest that the neutral polysaccharide with superior GI fermentation properties exerted beneficial effects on constipation, while the less fermentable pectic fraction might act as a stool-bulking agent.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Loperamide; Constipation; Polysaccharides; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces
PubMed: 37892439
DOI: 10.3390/nu15204364 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jun 2021Constipation is the most common gastrointestinal complaint all over the world, and it is a risk factor of colorectal cancer. In this study, the protective of Quercetin...
Constipation is the most common gastrointestinal complaint all over the world, and it is a risk factor of colorectal cancer. In this study, the protective of Quercetin against loperamide-induced constipation and its potential mechanism in a rat model were investigated. Results showed that Quercetin at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg could significantly ( < .05) increase the intestinal transit rate, motilin, gastrin, substance P levels, and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduce the somatostatin levels, and improve the gastrointestinal peristalsis of rats. In addition, the expression levels of enteric nerve-related factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) were examined by RT-qPCR and/or Western blot analysis. The results suggest that Quercetin relieves loperamide-induced constipation by increasing the levels of interstitial cells of Cajal markers (c-Kit and SCF), as well as AQP3. In conclusion, the present study suggested that Quercetin exerted a protective effect against loperamide-induced constipation, which may be associated with its role in regulation of multiple signal pathways.
PubMed: 34136194
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2296 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2019Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERDs) is a common chronic digestive system disease, in which the symptoms of reflux esophagitis (RE) seriously affect the quality of...
BACKGROUND
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERDs) is a common chronic digestive system disease, in which the symptoms of reflux esophagitis (RE) seriously affect the quality of life.
AIMS
We aimed to study the therapeutic effect of Zhujie Hewei granules (ZHG) on reflux esophagitis in model rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A rat model of RE was established with the steps of half pylorus ligation, cardiotomy, and hydrochloric acid perfusion. The rats in treatment groups were orally administered with 1.30, 2.60, or 5.20 g/kg ZHG once daily for 28 days. Histopathological changes of the esophagus were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The content of total bilirubin and pH in gastric juice was determined. Esophageal mucosal injury was assessed by macroscopic observation scores, mucosal injury index scores, and esophageal inflammation scores. The levels of gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in serum were evaluated by using ELISA kits.
RESULTS
After treatment with ZHG, the body weight of RE rats tended to increase drastically, the macroscopic observation scores of the esophagus mucous membrane decreased ( < 0.05), the mucosal injury index scores decreased ( < 0.05), the gastric pH values increased ( < 0.05), and the levels of serum MTL and VIP decreased ( < 0.05). In addition, the high dose of the ZHG-treated group showed lower serum GAS ( < 0.05), while the high and middle doses of the ZHG-treated groups showed lower esophageal inflammation scores ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
ZHG was effective in treating RE in rats due using mechanisms including improving the pH value of gastric contents, decreasing the gastrointestinal hormones (including GAS, MTL, and VIP), and improving the inflammatory damage.
PubMed: 31949463
DOI: 10.1155/2019/1392020 -
American Journal of Translational... 2023This study was designed to explore the effects of ulinastatin combined with somatostatin on disease control and serum inflammatory factors in patients with severe...
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to explore the effects of ulinastatin combined with somatostatin on disease control and serum inflammatory factors in patients with severe pancreatitis.
METHODS
The data of 80 patients with severe pancreatitis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi Medical College from May 2020 to April 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 36 patients treated with somatostatin alone (3 mg somatostatin added in 50 mL normal saline) on the basis of standard treatment were assigned to a control group, and the other 44 patients treated with both ulinastatin (100,000 U of ulinastatin injection added in 250 mL 5% glucose solution) and somatostatin (3 mg somatostatin added in 50 mL normal saline) were enrolled into a study group. The levels of serum inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)), biochemical indexes (C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum amylase) and gastrointestinal function indexes (motilin and gastrin) in the two groups were analyzed and compared before and after treatment. Additionally, the alleviation of clinical symptoms, treatment response and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. The mortality rate of patients within 1 month after the treatment was evaluated, and the risk factors affecting the prognosis were analyzed through logistics regression.
RESULTS
Before treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and sICAM-1 (P>0.05), while after treatment, the levels of all three factors decreased significantly in both groups (P<0.0001), with more notable decreases in the study group than those in the control group (P<0.0001). Before treatment, the two groups were not significantly different in the levels of C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum amylase (P>0.05), while after treatment, all the three levels decreased notably in both groups (P<0.0001), with notably lower levels in the study group than those in the control group (P<0.0001). Before treatment, the levels of motilin and gastrin in the two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05), while after treatment, motilin increased significantly and gastrin decreased significantly in both groups (P<0.0001), and the study group showed a notably higher motilin level and a notably lower gastrin level than the control group (P<0.0001). The study group experienced a significantly earlier disappearance time of abdominal distension and abdominal pain and a significantly shorter hospitalization time than the control group (P<0.0001). Moreover, the study group showed a notably higher overall response rate than the control group (P=0.029), and presented a notably lower incidence of adverse reactions than the control group (P=0.036). According to univariate analysis, age, onset time, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and therapeutic regimen were the factors impacting the patients' prognosis. According to logistics regression analysis, therapeutic regimen was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis.
CONCLUSION
Compared with somatostatin alone, ulinastatin combined with somatostatin is more effective in the treatment of severe pancreatitis. The combination can substantially alleviate the inflammatory response and improve the gastrointestinal function and clinical symptoms of patients, without increasing adverse reactions. Therefore, ulinastatin combined with somatostatin is worthy of clinical promotion.
PubMed: 37854214
DOI: No ID Found -
HPB : the Official Journal of the... Jun 2020Metabolic dysfunctions after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) need to be considered when pancreatic head resection is likely to lead to long-term survival. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Resection of the duodenum causes long-term endocrine and exocrine dysfunction after Whipple procedure for benign tumors - Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Metabolic dysfunctions after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) need to be considered when pancreatic head resection is likely to lead to long-term survival.
METHODS
Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for studies reporting measured data of metabolic function after PD and duodenum-sparing total pancreatic head resection (DPPHR). Data from 23 cohort studies comprising 1019 patients were eligible; 594 and 910 patients were involved in systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively.
RESULTS
The cumulative incidence of postoperative new onset of diabetes mellitus (pNODM) after PD for benign tumors was 46 of 321 patients (14%) measured after follow-up of in mean 36 months postoperatively. New onset of postoperative exocrine insufficiency (PEI) was exhibited by 91 of 209 patients (44%) after PD for benign tumors measured in mean 23 months postoperatively. The meta-analysis indicated pNODM after PD for benign tumor in 32 of 208 patients (15%) and in 10 of 178 patients (6%) after DPPHR (p = 0.007; OR 3.01; (95%CI:1.39-6.49)). PEI was exhibited by 80 of 178 patients (45%) after PD and by 6 of 88 patients (7%) after DPPHR (p < 0.001). GI hormones measured in 194 patients revealed postoperatively a significant impairment of integrated responses of gastrin, motilin, insulin, secretin, PP and GIP (p < 0.050-0.001) after PD. Fasting and stimulated levels of GLP-1 and glucagon levels displayed a significant increase (p < 0.020/p < 0.030). Following DPPHR, responses of gastrin, motilin, secretin and CCK displayed no change compared to preoperative levels.
CONCLUSIONS
After PD, duodenectomy, rather than pancreatic head resection is the main cause for long-term persisting, postoperative new onset of DM and PEI.
Topics: Duodenum; Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreaticoduodenectomy
PubMed: 31983660
DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2019.12.016 -
World Journal of Psychiatry Sep 2023Gastric ulcer (GU) is a common digestive tract disease, and medical records of GU combined with depression are increasingly common. Currently, the risk factors and...
BACKGROUND
Gastric ulcer (GU) is a common digestive tract disease, and medical records of GU combined with depression are increasingly common. Currently, the risk factors and pathogenesis of GU complicated with depression remain unclear. Low immune function and gastrointestinal hormone levels may also be significant risk factors. Therefore, this study explored the immune function and gastrointestinal hormone levels in patients with GU combined with depression.
AIM
To explore the immune function, gastrointestinal hormone level, and clinical significance of patients with GU combined with depression.
METHODS
A retrospective analysis was conducted on 300 patients with GU combined with depression admitted to Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from January 2021 to June 2022 as the study subjects. According to the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score, patients were divided into mild-to-moderate ( = 210) and heavy ( = 90) groups. Basic data, immune function indices [immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, IgG, serum CD4 and CD8 percentage, and CD4/CD8 ratio], and gastrointestinal hormone indices [serum gastrin (GAS), cholecystokinin (CCK), and motilin (MTL) levels] were collected. The basic data of the two groups were compared, and the immune function and gastrointestinal hormone indices were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing the severity of GU complicated with depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to analyze the value of the immune function index, gastrointestinal hormone index, and combined index in predicting the severity of GU complicated with depression.
RESULTS
There were no marked differences in sex, age, body mass index, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, belching, nausea, vomiting, or sleep disorders between the heavy and mild-to-moderate groups ( > 0.05). There was a marked difference in the family history of depression between the heavy and mild-to-moderate groups ( < 0.05). There were significant differences in serum IgA and IgM levels and serum CD4, CD8, and CD4/CD8 ratios between the heavy and mild-to-moderate groups ( < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that IgA, IgM, GAS, and CCK serum levels influenced the severity of GU with depression ( < 0.05). The AUC of the ROC curve for serum IgA level predicting GU with depression severity was 0.808 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.760-0.857], the AUC of the serum IgM level was 0.757 (95%CI: 0.700-0.814), the AUC of the serum GAS level was 0.853 (95%CI: 0.810-0.897), the AUC of the serum CCK level was 0.762 (95%CI: 0.709-0.822), the AUC of immune function (IgA, IgM) and gastrointestinal hormone levels (GAS, CCK) for the prediction of GU with depression severity was 0.958 (95%CI: 0.933-0.976).
CONCLUSION
Important factors influencing GU complicated with depression are serum IgA, IgM, GAS, and CCK indicators. They can be used as indicators to predict the severity of GU complicated with depression.
PubMed: 37771644
DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i9.665 -
American Journal of Translational... 2021To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of prevention and treatment of digestive tract reactions to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of prevention and treatment of digestive tract reactions to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer (PC) using terra flava usta.
METHODS
A total of 75 PC patients with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy who were admitted to our hospital from July 2016 to August 2019 were selected and randomly divided into a control group (CG) (n=37) and an observation group (OG) (n=38). Thirty min before chemotherapy, the CG received 8 mg of ondansetron via an intravenous drip, while the OG received 8 mg of ondansetron via an intravenous drip and terra flava usta. The grades of acute nausea and vomiting and delayed nausea and vomiting were compared between the two groups. The levels of gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), vasoactive peptide (VIP), hemoglobin (Hb), prealbumin (PA), and albumin (ALB), the proportion of CD4, CD8 and NK cells in T cell subsets, and the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and substance P (SP) were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
The grades of delayed nausea and vomiting in the OG were superior to those in the CG ( < 0.05). The OG had higher levels of GAS and MTL and lower level of VIP than the CG after chemotherapy ( < 0.05). After chemotherapy, the levels of Hb, PA and ALB in the OG were higher than those in the CG ( < 0.05). After chemotherapy, the proportion of CD4 and NK cells in the OG were higher than those in the CG, while the proportion of CD8 in the OG was lower than that in the CG ( < 0.05). The serum 5-HT level in the acute phase and the delayed phase was higher than that before chemotherapy ( < 0.05), and the serum 5-HT level in the delayed phase was lower than that in the acute phase ( < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum 5-HT level between the two groups in the acute phase and the delayed phase ( > 0.05). Compared with that before chemotherapy, SP levels in the OG decreased in the acute phase and the delayed phase, while SP levels in the CG did not change significantly, and SP levels in the OG were lower than those in the CG ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Terra flava usta can effectively prevent and treat digestive tract reactions (e.g., delayed nausea and vomiting) induced by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for PC and protect gastrointestinal function, nutritional status and immune functions of PC patients. The mechanism of prevention and treatment of delayed digestive tract reactions after chemotherapy with terra flava usta may be related to the regulation of SP content. Therefore, terra flava usta is worthy of promotion and implementation.
PubMed: 34017487
DOI: No ID Found -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022Okra, possessing various bioactive components, is used to treat different diseases. This study sought to estimate the intervention effects of okra extract (OE) on...
OBJECTIVE
Okra, possessing various bioactive components, is used to treat different diseases. This study sought to estimate the intervention effects of okra extract (OE) on brain-gut peptides (BGPs) and intestinal microorganisms in sleep deprivation (SD) rats.
METHODS
SD rat models were established using the modified multiple platform method and then treated with normal saline, diazepam tablets, or different doses of OE. Body weight and average daily water consumption of rats were recorded. Depressive behaviors of rats were assessed by the open field test and sucrose preference test. Serum levels of noradrenaline, melatonin, inflammatory factors (IL-1/IL-6/TNF-/IL-4/IL-10), and BGP indexes, including gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin (CCK), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured by ELISA. Additionally, the DNA relative contents of representative intestinal microorganisms in the collected rat feces were determined using RT-qPCR.
RESULTS
SD decreased body weight and average daily water consumption and induced depressive behaviors as well as stress and inflammatory responses in rats. SD rats exhibited lowered GAS, MTL, 5-HT, and VIP but elevated CCK and showed diminished DNA relative contents of and probiotics ( and ) but increased . OE at different doses ameliorated the depressive behaviors and mitigated the stress and inflammatory responses in SD rats, raised the serum contents of GAS, MTL, 5-HT, and VIP, reduced CCK level, elevated the DNA relative contents of and probiotics, but diminished . OE exhibited similar intervention effects to diazepam tablets (positive control).
CONCLUSION
OE exerts intervention effects on BGPs and intestinal microorganisms in SD rats.
PubMed: 36193125
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9855411