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World Journal of Hepatology Apr 2021Giant cell hepatitis (GCH) is characterized by large and multinucleated (syncytial) hepatocytes in the context of liver inflammation. Infantile GCH is typically... (Review)
Review
Giant cell hepatitis (GCH) is characterized by large and multinucleated (syncytial) hepatocytes in the context of liver inflammation. Infantile GCH is typically associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the absence of any other systemic or organ-specific autoimmune comorbidity. The etiology is unknown; concomitant viral infections (as potential trigger factors) have been identified in a few patients. The pathogenesis reportedly relies upon immune-mediated/ autoimmune mechanisms. This condition should be considered in any infant developing Coombs-positive anemia; indeed, anemia usually precedes the development of hepatitis. The clinical course is usually aggressive without the appropriate immunosuppressive therapy, which may include steroids, conventional immunosuppressors (, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide as first-line treatments), intravenous immunoglobulin, and biologics (rituximab). Improvements in medical management (including the availability of rituximab) have significantly reduced the mortality of this condition in the last decade.
PubMed: 33959224
DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i4.411 -
Autophagy Mar 2023Although it is admitted that secondary infection can complicate viral diseases, the consequences of viral infection on cell susceptibility to other infections remain...
Although it is admitted that secondary infection can complicate viral diseases, the consequences of viral infection on cell susceptibility to other infections remain underexplored at the cellular level. We though to examine whether the sustained macroautophagy/autophagy associated with measles virus (MeV) infection could help cells oppose invasion by Typhimurium, a bacterium sensitive to autophagic restriction. We report here the unexpected finding that markedly replicated in MeV-infected cultures due to selective growth within multinucleated cells. Hyper-replicating localized outside of LAMP1-positive compartments to an extent that equaled that of the predominantly cytosolic mutant . Bacteria were subjected to effective ubiquitination but failed to be targeted by LC3 despite an ongoing productive autophagy. Such a phenotype could not be further aggravated upon silencing of the selective autophagy regulator TBK1 or core autophagy factors ATG5 or ATG7. MeV infection also conditioned primary human epithelial cells for augmented replication. The analysis of selective autophagy receptors able to target revealed that a lowered expression level of SQSTM1/p62 and TAX1BP1/T6BP autophagy receptors prevented effective anti- autophagy in MeV-induced syncytia. Conversely, as SQSTM1/p62 is promoting the cytosolic growth of , MeV infection led to reduced replication. The results indicate that the rarefaction of dedicated autophagy receptors associated with MeV infection differentially affects the outcome of bacterial coinfection depending on the nature of the functional relationship between bacteria and such receptors. Thus, virus-imposed reconfiguration of the autophagy machinery can be instrumental in determining the fate of bacterial coinfection. ACTB/β-ACTIN: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; BAFA1: bafilomycin A; CFU: colony-forming units; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; FIP: fusion inhibitory peptide; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MeV: measles virus; MOI: multiplicity of infection; OPTN: optineurin; PHH: primary human hepatocyte; SCV: Salmonella-containing vacuoles; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; . Typhimurium: serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1/T6BP: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1.
Topics: Humans; Autophagy; Sequestosome-1 Protein; Coinfection; Measles virus; Salmonella typhimurium; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 35900944
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2107309 -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Oct 2020Some species of the genus Brachiaria are cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical climate regions as the main feed for ruminants. Several studies report...
Some species of the genus Brachiaria are cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical climate regions as the main feed for ruminants. Several studies report photosensitization by Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha, and Brachiaria humidicola, but the poisoning by Brachiaria ruziziensis have been reported only twice. Cutaneous and hepatic lesions may be caused by the steroidal saponins present in the leaves or by the mycotoxin sporidesmin produced by the saprophyte fungus Pithomyces chartarum. The present report describes the clinical and pathological changes observed in an outbreak of hepatogenic photosensitization in sheep kept in B. ruziziensis pastures. In addition, the present study will provide a better understanding of the etiology of this photosensitization through the evaluation of the saponin protodioscin and the spore count of P. chartarum. Santa Inês and Lacaune mixed-breed sheep showed signs of photosensitization after feeding B. ruziziensis. Clinical signs included jaundice, apathy, dehydration, and photosensitization characterized by facial edema and cutaneous scars, especially in the ears. Pathological examination of the liver revealed diffuse infiltrates of foamy cells, rare multinucleated cells, and mild enlargement of hepatocytes (megalocytosis). The skin showed acute epidermal and dermal necrosis with occlusive thrombi. B. ruziziensis showed low levels of protodioscin (0.020 ± 0.024% in mature leaves and 0.065 ± 0.084% in sprouts) but high P. chartarum spore counts (mean of 479,844 ± 443,951 spores/g plant). Thus, sheep grazing B. ruziziensis pastures must be closely monitored because of the risk of photosensitization.
Topics: Animals; Brachiaria; Diosgenin; Liver; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plant Poisoning; Saponins; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Skin
PubMed: 32598988
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.022 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2020The biological phenomenon of cell fusion plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including wound healing and tissue regeneration. Here, it is assumed... (Review)
Review
The biological phenomenon of cell fusion plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including wound healing and tissue regeneration. Here, it is assumed that bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) could adopt the specific properties of a different organ by cell fusion, thereby restoring organ function. Cell fusion first results in the production of bi- or multinucleated hybrid cells, which either remain as heterokaryons or undergo ploidy reduction/heterokaryon-to-synkaryon transition (HST), thereby giving rise to mononucleated daughter cells. This process is characterized by a merging of the chromosomes from the previously discrete nuclei and their subsequent random segregation into daughter cells. Due to extra centrosomes concomitant with multipolar spindles, the ploidy reduction/HST could also be associated with chromosome missegregation and, hence, induction of aneuploidy, genomic instability, and even putative chromothripsis. However, while the majority of such hybrids die or become senescent, aneuploidy and genomic instability appear to be tolerated in hepatocytes, possibly for stress-related adaption processes. Likewise, cell fusion-induced aneuploidy and genomic instability could also lead to a malignant conversion of hybrid cells. This can occur during tissue regeneration mediated by BMSC fusion in chronically inflamed tissue, which is a cell fusion-friendly environment, but is also enriched for mutagenic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Topics: Aneuploidy; Animals; Cell Fusion; Chromosomal Instability; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Polyploidy; Regeneration
PubMed: 32155721
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051811 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes high mortality and high economic losses in tilapines. We describe an experimental challenge study focusing on early post challenge...
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes high mortality and high economic losses in tilapines. We describe an experimental challenge study focusing on early post challenge innate immune responses. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were infected with 10 TCID/mL TiLV intraperitoneally, followed by virus quantification, histopathology and gene expression analysis in target (brain/liver) and lymphoid (spleen/headkidney) organs at 3, 7, 12, 17, and 34 days post challenge (dpc). Onset of mortality was from 21 dpc, and cumulative mortality was 38.5% by 34 dpc. Liver and kidney histopathology developed over the period 3-17 dpc, characterized by anisocytosis, anisokaryocytosis, and formation of multinucleated hepatocytes. Viral loads were highest at early time (3 dpc) in liver, spleen and kidney, declining towards 34 dpc. In brain, viral titer peaked 17 dpc. Innate sensors, TLRs 3/7 were inversely correlated with virus titer in brain and headkidney, and IFN-ß and Mx showed a similar pattern. All organs showed increased mRNA IgM expression over the course of infection. Overall, high virus titers downplay innate responses, and an increase is seen when viral titers decline. In silico modeling found that TiLV segments 4, 5 and 10 carry nucleolar localization signals. Anti-viral effects of TiLV facilitate production of virus at early stage of infection.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Brain; Cichlids; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepatocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulin M; Interferon-beta; Kidney; Liver; Negative-Sense RNA Viruses; Spleen; Survival Analysis; Time Factors; Toll-Like Receptor 3; Toll-Like Receptor 7
PubMed: 33230226
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73781-y -
Toxicology in Vitro : An International... Jun 2023Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is tumorigenic in rats and mice and potentially tumorigenic in humans. Here, we studied long-term PFOA exposure with an in vitro...
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is tumorigenic in rats and mice and potentially tumorigenic in humans. Here, we studied long-term PFOA exposure with an in vitro transformation model using the rat liver epithelial cell, TRL 1215. Cells were cultured in 10 μM (T10), 50 μM (T50) and 100 μM (T100) PFOA for 38 weeks and compared to passage-matched control cells. T100 cells showed morphological changes, loss of cell contact inhibition, formation of multinucleated giant and spindle-shaped cells. T10, T50, and T100 cells showed increased LC values 20%, 29% to 35% above control with acute PFOA treatment, indicating a resistance to PFOA toxicity. PFOA-treated cells showed increases in Matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion, cell migration, and developed more and larger colonies in soft agar. Microarray data showed Myc pathway activation at T50 and T100, associating Myc upregulation with PFOA-induced morphological transformation. Western blot confirmed that PFOA produced significant increases in c-MYC protein expression in a time- and concentration-related manner. Tumor invasion indicators MMP-2 and MMP-9, cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, and oxidative stress protein GST were all significantly overexpressed in T100 cells. Taken together, chronic in vitro PFOA exposure produced multiple cell characteristics of malignant progression and differential gene expression changes suggestive of rat liver cell transformation.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Mice; Animals; Hepatocytes; Caprylates; Fluorocarbons; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Liver
PubMed: 36849026
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105577 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Previous reports have demonstrated that Reversine can reverse differentiation of lineage-committed cells to mesenchymal stem cells and suppress tumors growth. However,...
Previous reports have demonstrated that Reversine can reverse differentiation of lineage-committed cells to mesenchymal stem cells and suppress tumors growth. However, the molecular mechanisms of antitumor activity and promoting cellular dedifferentiation for reversine have not yet been clearly elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that reversine of 5 μM could induce multinucleated cells through cytokinesis failure rather than just arrested in G2 or M phase. Moreover, reversine reversed the differentiation of sheep fibroblasts into MSC-like style, and notably increased the expression of pluripotent marker genes Oct4 and MSCs-related surface antigens. The fibroblasts treated with reversine could transdifferentiate into all three germ layers cells in vitro. Most importantly, the induced β-like cells and hepatocytes had similar metabolic functions with normal cells in vivo. In addition, reversine promoted fibroblasts autophagy, ROS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis via the mitochondria mediated intrinsic pathway. The results of high-throughput RNA sequencing showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in Mismatch repair, Nucleotide excision repair and Base excision repair were significantly up-regulated in reversine treated fibroblasts, which means that high concentration of reversine will cause DNA damage and activate the DNA repair mechanism. In summary, reversine can increase the plasticity of sheep fibroblasts and suppress cell growth via the mitochondria mediated intrinsic pathway.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Fibroblasts; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mitochondria; Morpholines; Purines; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Sheep
PubMed: 34117304
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91468-w -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Jun 2021Axolotls have remarkable organ-level regeneration capability. They can regenerate their limbs, tail, brain, gills, and heart. The liver had been considered to be a...
BACKGROUND
Axolotls have remarkable organ-level regeneration capability. They can regenerate their limbs, tail, brain, gills, and heart. The liver had been considered to be a regenerative organ in these highly regeneration-competent animals. Therefore, no research had been performed on liver regeneration in urodele amphibians. In the present study, we focused on axolotl liver regeneration and found a unique regeneration mechanism compared with other vertebrates.
RESULTS
Partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed to assess axolotl liver regeneration. Regeneration was assessed using block-face imaging (CoMBi), histology, cell proliferation, weight gain, and Albumin (Alb) + area. Axolotl liver histology was compared with other vertebrates. Axolotl liver consists of Glisson's capsule, sinusoids, and hepatic cord with no apparent lobule structures. Hepatocytes were mononucleated or multinucleated. PH increased the multinucleated hepatocytes and the Alb + area, but there was no apparent liver shape recovery even 40 days after PH. Gene expression pattern suggests that no epimorphic regeneration takes place. We also found that the increase in the number of proliferating hepatocytes was regulated by ERK-signaling.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that axolotls, which have epimorphic regeneration ability, regenerate their liver via unique mechanisms, compensatory congestion.
Topics: Ambystoma mexicanum; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Hepatectomy; Liver; Liver Regeneration; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Weight Gain
PubMed: 33064366
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.262 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 2021Multipolar mitosis was observed in cancer cells under mechanical stress or drug treatment. However, a comprehensive understanding of its basic properties and...
Multipolar mitosis was observed in cancer cells under mechanical stress or drug treatment. However, a comprehensive understanding of its basic properties and significance to cancer cell biology is lacking. In the present study, live-cell imaging was employed to investigate the division and nucleation patterns in four different cell lines. Multi-daughter divisions were observed in the three cancer cell lines HepG2, HeLa and A549, but not in the transformed non-cancer cell line RPE1. Multi-daughter mother cells displayed multi-nucleation, enlarged cell area, and prolonged division time. Under acidic pH or treatment with the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or the phytochemical compound wogonin, multi-daughter mitoses were increased to different extents in all three cancer cell lines, reaching as high as 16% of all mitoses. While less than 0.4% of the bi-daughter mitosis were followed by cell fusion events under the various treatment conditions, 50% or more of the multi-daughter mitoses were followed by fusion events at neutral, acidic or alkaline pH. These findings revealed a "Daughter Number Variation" (DNV) process in the cancer cells, with multi-daughter divisions in Stage 1 and cell fusions leading to the formation of cells containing up to five nuclei in Stage 2. The Stage 2-fusions were inhibited by 5-FU in A549 and HeLa, and by wogonin in A549, HeLa and HepG2. The parallel relationship between DNV frequency and malignancy among the different cell lines suggests that the inclusion of anti-fusion agents exemplified by wogonin and 5-FU could be beneficial in combinatory cancer chemotherapies.
Topics: A549 Cells; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Cell Division; Cell Fusion; Cell Line, Transformed; Flavanones; Fluorouracil; Genetic Variation; HeLa Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33596747
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1883363 -
Food Science and Biotechnology Jun 2022Sub-chronic toxicity studies using rats have been conducted for (Maxim.) Hemsley (CW) and Royle ex Wight (CA). CW water extract didn't show any adverse effects whereas...
Sub-chronic toxicity studies using rats have been conducted for (Maxim.) Hemsley (CW) and Royle ex Wight (CA). CW water extract didn't show any adverse effects whereas administering CW powder decreased body weights in complication with decreased food consumptions. In the case of CA water extract, triglyceride and absolute/relative liver weights were elevated and vacuolation was observed in liver. Treated CA powder in male rats increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and induced single cell necrosis and multinucleated hepatocyte in liver. As for female rats, increased absolute/relative weights and hypertrophy/vacuolation in adrenal glands and vacuolation in ovaries were observed when administered CA powder. In conclusion, no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of CW water extract was over 5000 mg/kg/day, while NOAEL of CW powder was 700 mg/kg/day for female and 150 mg/kg/day for male. In case of CA, NOAEL of water extract was 1500 mg/kg/day for male and 2000 mg/kg/day for female, while NOAEL of powder was 150 mg/kg/day for both gender. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sub-chronic toxicity study on the adverse effects, target organs and its dose levels of (Maxim.) Hemsley and Royle ex Wight following GLP protocols.
PubMed: 35646417
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01072-5