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Frontiers in Plant Science 2023Oil palm is the world's highest yielding oil crop and its palm oil has high nutritional value, making it an oilseed plant with important economic value and application...
INTRODUCTION
Oil palm is the world's highest yielding oil crop and its palm oil has high nutritional value, making it an oilseed plant with important economic value and application prospects. After picking, oil palm fruits exposed to air will gradually become soft and accelerate the process of fatty acid rancidity, which will not only affect their flavor and nutritional value, but also produce substances harmful to the human body. As a result, studying the dynamic change pattern of free fatty acids and important fatty acid metabolism-related regulatory genes during oil palm fatty acid rancidity can provide a theoretical basis for improving palm oil quality and extending its shelf life.
METHODS
The fruit of two shell types of oil palm, Pisifera (MP) and Tenera (MT), were used to study the changes of fruit souring at different times points of postharvesting, combined with LC-MS/MS metabolomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics techniques to analyze the dynamic changes of free fatty acids during fruit rancidity, and to find out the key enzyme genes and proteins in the process of free fatty acid synthesis and degradation according to metabolic pathways.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Metabolomic study revealed that there were 9 different types of free fatty acids at 0 hours of postharvest, 12 different types of free fatty acids at 24 hours of postharvest, and 8 different types of free fatty acids at 36 hours of postharvest. Transcriptomic research revealed substantial changes in gene expression between the three harvest phases of MT and MP. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis results show that the expression of SDR, FATA, FATB and MFP four key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins in the rancidity of free fatty acids are significantly correlated with Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid and Palmitoleic acid in oil palm fruit. In terms of binding gene expression, the expression of FATA gene and MFP protein in MT and MP was consistent, and both were expressed higher in MP. FATB fluctuates unevenly in MT and MP, with the level of expression growing steadily in MT and decreasing in MP before increasing. The amount of SDR gene expression varies in opposite directions in both shell types. The above findings suggest that these four enzyme genes and enzyme proteins may play an important role in regulating fatty acid rancidity and are the key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins that cause differences in fatty acid rancidity between MT and MP and other fruit shell types. Additionally, differential metabolite and differentially expressed genes were present in the three postharvest times of MT and MP fruits, with the difference occurring 24 hours postharvest being the most notable. As a result, 24 hours postharvest revealed the most obvious difference in fatty acid tranquility between MT and MP shell types of oil palm. The results from this study offer a theoretical underpinning for the gene mining of fatty acid rancidity of various oil palm fruit shell types and the enhancement of oilseed palm acid-resistant germplasm cultivation using molecular biology methods.
PubMed: 36968425
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132024 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023This study determined the effect of temperament on antioxidant capacity and the relationship between antioxidant capacity and the contents of amino acids (AA) and fatty...
This study determined the effect of temperament on antioxidant capacity and the relationship between antioxidant capacity and the contents of amino acids (AA) and fatty acids (FA) in muscle of Hu sheep. Organ and muscle samples of five calm and five nervous Hu sheep were collected to determine the antioxidant capacity and the contents of AA and FA in muscle tissue. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide excretion enzyme (SOD) in muscle and intestinal tissue of calm Hu sheep were lower than those of nervous Hu sheep ( < 0.01), and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver of calm Hu sheep was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep ( = 0.050). The content of AA of calm Hu sheep was higher than that of nervous Hu sheep, especially the content of reductive amino acids, which was significantly higher than that of nervous Hu sheep ( = 0.029). Fatty acid content of nervous Hu sheep was higher than that of calm type, and saturated fatty acid content was significantly higher than that of calm type ( = 0.001). The SOD content in muscle tissue was positively correlated with the contents of aspartic acid (Asp), alanine (Ala) and lysine (Lys). Catalase (CAT) activity was positively correlated with Ala content. There was a significant positive correlation between total antioxidants (T-AOC) and glutamate (Glu) ( < 0.05). MDA concentration was positively correlated with lauric acid (C12:0), triseconic acid (C13:0), myristic acid (C14:0) content ( < 0.01), and ginkgo acid (C15:0) content. The total antioxidants (T-AOC) was negatively correlated with stearic acid (C18:0) ( < 0.05). Our conclusion is that the antioxidant capacity of calm Hu sheep is superior to that of nervous Hu sheep, which may be due to the higher AA (especially reductive amino acids (Arg, Lys, Ala and Glu)) content in the muscle and the lower FA (especially SFA) content, which improve the antioxidant capacity of the organism and allow for further exploration of the mechanisms by which animal temperament affects antioxidant performance.
PubMed: 36830017
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020459 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from crude pollen by an ultrasonic process. Prior to the polyphenols extraction, the crude...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from crude pollen by an ultrasonic process. Prior to the polyphenols extraction, the crude pollen was defatted. The extraction from defatted pollen was carried out by varying four extraction parameters: ultrasonic amplitude (20%, 60% and 100%), solid/liquid ratio (10 g/L, 20 g/L and 30 g/L), temperature (35, 50 and 65 °C) and time (10, 20 and 30 min). The extracts were analyzed in terms of extraction yield (%), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavones content (TFC). The extracted oil was analyzed in terms of fatty acids composition; myristic acid (159.1 µg × g) and cis-14-pentadecenoic acid (106.6 µg·g) were found in the highest amount in the pollen oil. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined and were, as follows: 100% amplitude of ultrasonic treatment, 30 g/L solid/liquid ratio, 40.85 °C and 14.30 min, which led to the extraction of 366.1 mg GAE/L of TPC and 592.2 mg QE/g of TFC, and also to an extraction yield of 1.92%.
PubMed: 32316244
DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040322 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023In recent years, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a new target for the treatment of fungal infections. It is observed that at present, there are...
In recent years, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a new target for the treatment of fungal infections. It is observed that at present, there are increased rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections. Hence, a series of novel myristic acid derivatives were designed via molecular docking studies and ADMET studies by targeting NMT (N-Myristoyltransferase). The designed myristic acid derivatives were synthesized by converting myristic acid into myristoyl chloride and coupling it with aryl amines to yield corresponding myristic acid derivatives. The compounds were purified and characterized via FTIR, NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. In this study, we carried out a target NMT inhibition assay. In the NMT screening assay results, the compounds and showed better inhibition compared to the other myristic acid derivatives. In an in vitro antifungal evaluation, the myristic acid derivatives were assessed against and strains by determining their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The compounds , and displayed superior antifungal capabilities against , and the compounds and displayed superior antifungal capabilities against compared to the standard drug FLZ (fluconazole). Altogether, we identified a new series of antifungal agents.
PubMed: 37508263
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071167 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Dec 2022When water interacts with porous rocks, its wetting and surface tension properties create air bubbles in large number. To probe their relevance as a setting for the...
When water interacts with porous rocks, its wetting and surface tension properties create air bubbles in large number. To probe their relevance as a setting for the emergence of life, we microfluidically created foams that were stabilized with lipids. A persistent non-equilibrium setting was provided by a thermal gradient. The foam's large surface area triggers capillary flows and wet-dry reactions that accumulate, aggregate and oligomerize RNA, offering a compelling habitat for RNA-based early life as it offers both wet and dry conditions in direct neighborhood. Lipids were screened to stabilize the foams. The prebiotically more probable myristic acid stabilized foams over many hours. The capillary flow created by the evaporation at the water-air interface provided an attractive force for molecule localization and selection for molecule size. For example, self-binding oligonucleotide sequences accumulated and formed micrometer-sized aggregates which were shuttled between gas bubbles. The wet-dry cycles at the foam bubble interfaces triggered a non-enzymatic RNA oligomerization from 2',3'-cyclic CMP and GMP which despite the small dry reaction volume was superior to the corresponding dry reaction. The found characteristics make heated foams an interesting, localized setting for early molecular evolution.
Topics: RNA; Prebiotics; Surface Properties; Water; Lipids
PubMed: 36354762
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200423 -
Cell Reports Dec 2022AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Co/post-translational...
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Co/post-translational N-myristoylation of glycine-2 (Gly2) of the AMPK β subunit has been suggested to regulate the distribution of the kinase between the cytosol and membranes through a "myristoyl switch" mechanism. However, the relevance of AMPK myristoylation for metabolic signaling in cells and in vivo is unclear. Here, we generated knockin mice with a Gly2-to-alanine point mutation of AMPKβ1 (β1-G2A). We demonstrate that non-myristoylated AMPKβ1 has reduced stability but is associated with increased kinase activity and phosphorylation of the Thr172 activation site in the AMPK α subunit. Using proximity ligation assays, we show that loss of β1 myristoylation impedes colocalization of the phosphatase PPM1A/B with AMPK in cells. Mice carrying the β1-G2A mutation have improved metabolic health with reduced adiposity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance under conditions of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Phosphorylation; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Diet, High-Fat; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Fatty Liver; Obesity; Myristic Acid; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Protein Phosphatase 2C
PubMed: 36543129
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111862 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021The Aquifoliaceae is an important family and has been used traditionally for some time. One of the members of this family is the wall, which itself possesses a...
The Aquifoliaceae is an important family and has been used traditionally for some time. One of the members of this family is the wall, which itself possesses a potential medicinal importance. This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments including pain, swelling, burns, and fever. The current study was designed to screen out the antioxidant and analgesic potential of this plant and to verify its traditional uses, along with its phytochemical profile. Extracts were subjected to antioxidant, analgesic, and phytochemical analysis using DPPH, chemical-induced (acetic acid and formalin) nociception models and GC-MS analysis, respectively. The leaf, bark, and fruit extracts showed significant antioxidant activity compared to that of standard. Likewise, all the extracts demonstrated significant ( < 0.01) analgesic activity in a mice model. In acetic acid induced analgesia, the leaf, bark, and fruit extracts caused 51.64, 56.13 and 59.52% inhibition, respectively at a dose of 100 mg/kg while at 200 mg/kg it showed 83.01, 71.69 and 75.47% inhibition, respectively. In Formalin-induced paw-licking assay, fruit extract showed 59.42 and 64.19% inhibition at 200 mg/kg dose in the first and second phase, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of cathinone, phenylpropanolamine, dl-phenylephrine, amphetamine, myristic acid, and palmitic acid. Results of the study suggest that crude extracts from different parts of this plant may be a useful source for the development of novel analgesics. However, further investigation in terms of isolation of bioactive compounds and their toxicological evaluations are needed to validate the observed results.
PubMed: 34440580
DOI: 10.3390/life11080837 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2020Metabolomics is increasingly used to observe metabolic patterns and disease-specific metabolic biomarkers. However, serum metabolite analysis of moyamoya disease (MMD)...
Metabolomics is increasingly used to observe metabolic patterns and disease-specific metabolic biomarkers. However, serum metabolite analysis of moyamoya disease (MMD) is rarely reported. We investigated serum metabolites in MMD and compared them with those of healthy controls (HCs) using a non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach to identify metabolic biomarkers associated with MMD. Forty-one patients with MMD diagnosed by cerebral angiography and 58 HCs were recruited for our study. Comparative analyses (univariate, multivariate, correlation, heatmaps, receiver operating characteristi curves) were performed between MMD patients and HCs. Twenty-five discriminating serum metabolic biomarkers between MMD patients and HCs were identified. Compared with HCs, MMD patients had higher levels of phenol, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, L-isoleucine, L-serine, glycerol, pelargonic acid, L-methionine, myristic acid, pyroglutamic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, octadecanamide, monoglyceride (MG) (16:0/0:0/0:0), and MG (0:0/18:0/0:0), and lower levels of L-alanine, L-valine, urea, succinic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tyrosine, edetic acid, and oleamide. These metabolic biomarkers are involved in several pathways and are closely associated with the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and carbohydrate translation. A GC-MS-based metabolomics approach could be useful in the clinical diagnosis of MMD. The identified biomarkers may be helpful to develop an objective diagnostic method for MMD and improve our understanding of MMD pathogenesis.
PubMed: 32372905
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00308 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Aug 2022Some types of actinomycetes produce many different secondary metabolites of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, or other compounds. Many of these products play an important role...
Some types of actinomycetes produce many different secondary metabolites of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, or other compounds. Many of these products play an important role in various medical fields. This study aims to extract natural compounds from actinomycetes after their isolation from the soil and their identification as antimicrobials. Soil samples were collected from different regions after being treated by known methods. Colonies that indicate actinomycetes were replanted and provided with suitable conditions for growth, and then tested against a number of pathogenic microbes. Isolate 3-D is more effective than others. D-3 was exposed to ultraviolet rays for greater production of antimicrobials. The compounds obtained from the isolates were extracted by the column chromatography technique. To identify the compounds resulting from the extract, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used. Ten compounds have been identified by GC-MS. Some of the compounds are of fatty acid nature, and some are hydrocarbons. These compound includes Hexadecane, 2,6,11,15- Tetramethyl - Octacosane - Dodecanoic Acid, 1,2,3- Propane-triyl ester - Hexatriacontane - Heptacosane - Eicosyl Acetate - Tritetracontane - Tetracosane, 2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyl - Myristic Acid vinyl ester - Tetratetracontane. All of these extracts are of medical importance. Some of them are anti-bacterial, some are anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, antioxidants, and some of them are essential ingredients in cosmetics. The current study showed that isolated D-3 actinomycetes from soil have the ability to produce antimicrobials against a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which are important in the medical field.
PubMed: 35795007
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103352 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common diseases in middle-age and elderly population. Lipid metabolism disorder induced foaming of vascular smooth muscle cell...
Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the most common diseases in middle-age and elderly population. Lipid metabolism disorder induced foaming of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is an important pathological process of AS. Mitochondria plays an important role in lipids metabolism. While it is not known whether regulating mitochondrial function can protect ox-LDL induced VSMC foaming via metabolic reprogramming. With ox-LDL induced mouse model of VSMC injury, the injury effect of ox-LDL and the protective effect of mdivi-1, the mitochondrial fission inhibitor on mitochondrial morphology and function of VSMC, and the formation of lipid droplet were observed. With metabonomics and proteomics techniques, the main lipid metabolites and regulation proteins were identified. The results showed that Ox-LDL induced a significant mitochondrial fission and fragmentation of VSMC, and mitochondrial function disorder along with lipid deposition and foaming. Mdivi-1 significantly antagonized the damage effect of ox-LDL on mitochondrial morphology and function of VSMC, and blocked the lipid deposition. Metabonomics analysis found 848 different metabolites between ox-LDL and mdivi-1 treatment group, in which the lipid metabolites were the main, and heptadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid and myristic acid were the critical metabolites changed most. Proteomics results showed that there were 125 differential expressed proteins between ox-LDL and mdivi-1 treatment, acetyl -CoA carboxylase1 and fatty acid synthase were the main differential expressed proteins. This study suggest that Mitochondrial fission plays an important role in VSMC lipid deposition and foaming. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission may effectively fight against ox-LDL induced lipid deposition and foaming of VSMC via improving mitochondrial function and metabolic reprogramming. This finding provides a new insight for prevention and treatment of AS.
PubMed: 36120304
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970151