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Neurologic Clinics May 2022Chiari Malformation Type I (CMI) is a congenital malformation diagnosed by MRI findings of at least 5 mm of cerebellar ectopy below the foramen magnum. CM1 is... (Review)
Review
Chiari Malformation Type I (CMI) is a congenital malformation diagnosed by MRI findings of at least 5 mm of cerebellar ectopy below the foramen magnum. CM1 is frequently associated with syringomyelia. Herein, we discuss the history of CMI and syringomyelia, including early pathological and surgical studies. We also describe recent investigations into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CMI and their practical implications on management and surgical intervention. We also highlight the recent development of the Common Data Elements for CMI, providing a framework for ongoing investigations. Finally, we discuss current controversies of surgical management in CMI.
Topics: Arnold-Chiari Malformation; Foramen Magnum; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Syringomyelia
PubMed: 35465876
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.11.007 -
Journal of Inflammation Research 2022Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of... (Review)
Review
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of synaptic and neuron-level activities. Interventions targeting microglia have been shown to improve the prognosis of various neurological diseases. Recently, studies have observed the activation of microglia in different cardiovascular diseases. In addition, different approaches that regulate the activity of microglia have been shown to modulate the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The change in autonomic nervous system activity after neuroinflammation may be a potential intermediate link between microglia and cardiovascular diseases. Here, in this review, we will discuss recent updates on the regulatory role of microglia in hypertension, myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We propose that microglia serve as neuroimmune modulators and potential targets for cardiovascular diseases.
PubMed: 35642214
DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S350109 -
Current Pediatric Reviews 2020To review and present the current knowledge of incidence, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the occipital encephalocele. (Review)
Review
AIMS
To review and present the current knowledge of incidence, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the occipital encephalocele.
BACKGROUND
Encephalocele (E) is a defect of the neural tube that refers to congenital malformations featured by skull defect and dura with extracranial spread of intracranial structures. Occipital encephalocele (OE) are the most common form of this congenital disorder and are manifested as a swelling of different sizes over the occipital bone in the midline. Proper diagnosis and treatment is highly important in the management of this congenital malformation of brain.
OBJECTIVE
To review and present the current knowledge of incidence, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the occipital encephalocele.
METHODS
We conducted a search of case reports or case-series of patients by the use of electronic databases: Pub Med, Medline, Index Medicus, Scorpus. The key words were: encephalocele, occipital encephalocele, neural tube defect, congenital malformation. The search was updated to December 31, 2018. Papers published in English were the only source of information.
RESULTS
Occipital encephalocelle are more frequent in females than in males. The incidence is between 1 in 3000 to 1 in 10,000 live births; approximately 90% of them involve the midline. Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice in diagnosis and surgery is the best option for the treatment of OE. Overall morbidity and mortality is still high in spite of advenced surgical management, but have been significantly improved in recent years thanks to sophisticated highresolution imaging, adequate and proper surgical treatment and decent post-operative care.
CONCLUSION
Occipital encephalocele is the most common form of encephalocele. The diagnosis is mostly based by the use of neuroimaging techniques. Operation is the best option for treatment. Overall morbidity and mortality is still high, but have been significantly improved in recent years thanks to sophisticated high-resolution imaging, adequate and proper surgical treatment and decent post-operative care.
Topics: Encephalocele; Humans; Incidence; Neuroimaging; Neurosurgical Procedures; Occipital Bone; Prognosis
PubMed: 31656152
DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666191018161535