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Viruses Jul 2021The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical... (Review)
Review
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Pathology, Molecular; Polyomavirus Infections; Transplant Recipients; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Load
PubMed: 34452367
DOI: 10.3390/v13081502 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Aug 2023Autophagy serves as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, but several microorganisms exploit it for their own benefit. Accordingly, certain herpesviruses...
Autophagy serves as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, but several microorganisms exploit it for their own benefit. Accordingly, certain herpesviruses include autophagic membranes into their infectious virus particles. In this study, we analyzed the composition of purified virions of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common oncogenic γ-herpesvirus. In these, we found several components of the autophagy machinery, including membrane-associated LC3B-II, and numerous viral proteins, such as the capsid assembly proteins BVRF2 and BdRF1. Additionally, we showed that BVRF2 and BdRF1 interact with LC3B-II via their common protein domain. Using an EBV mutant, we identified BVRF2 as essential to assemble mature capsids and produce infectious EBV. However, BdRF1 was sufficient for the release of noninfectious viral envelopes as long as autophagy was not compromised. These data suggest that BVRF2 and BdRF1 are not only important for capsid assembly but together with the LC3B conjugation complex of ATG5-ATG12-ATG15L1 are also critical for EBV envelope release.
Topics: Humans; Capsid; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Viral Envelope; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Capsid Proteins
PubMed: 37579175
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211281120 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2021Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has historically been attributable to tobacco and alcohol exposure and saw a decline in incidence after societal norms... (Review)
Review
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has historically been attributable to tobacco and alcohol exposure and saw a decline in incidence after societal norms shifted away from smoking. In recent decades, this disease has had a re-emergence due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, now surpassing cervical cancer as the number 1 cause of HPV-related cancer in the United States. HPV-positive OPSCC differs from HPV-negative disease in epidemiology, prognosis, treatment, and prevention. Additionally, there is a deficit in awareness of the causal relationship between HPV and OPSCC. This, coupled with low vaccination rates, puts primary care providers in a unique position to play a vital role in prevention and early diagnosis. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, screening, patient presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of HPV-positive OPSCC, with a focus on the primary care provider's role.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 34312276
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.04.200588 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 37545499
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217980 -
OncoTargets and Therapy 2020Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of heavy smokers develop lung cancer, which suggests that other cofactors are required for lung carcinogenesis. Viruses have been central to modern cancer research and provide profound insights into cancer causes. Nevertheless, the role of virus in lung cancer is still unclear. In this article, we reviewed the possible oncogenic viruses associated with lung cancer.
PubMed: 33116642
DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S263976 -
Molecular Pharmaceutics Aug 2023Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways... (Review)
Review
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Carcinogenesis; Neoplasms; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37486263
DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080 -
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Nov 2023Viral infection is a kind of cellular stress that leads to the changes in cellular metabolism. Many metabolic pathways in a host cell such as glycolysis, amino acid and... (Review)
Review
Viral infection is a kind of cellular stress that leads to the changes in cellular metabolism. Many metabolic pathways in a host cell such as glycolysis, amino acid and nucleotide synthesis are altered following virus infection. Both oncogenic and non-oncogenic viruses depend on host cell glycolysis for their survival and pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the rate of glycolysis plays an important role in oncolysis as well by oncolytic therapeutic viruses. During infection, viral proteins interact with various cellular glycolytic enzymes, and this interaction enhances the catalytic framework of the enzymes subsequently the glycolytic rate of the cell. Increased activity of glycolytic enzymes following their interaction with viral proteins is vital for replication and to counteract the inhibition of glycolysis caused by immune response. In this review, the importance of host cell glycolysis and the modulation of glycolysis by various viruses such as oncogenic, non-oncogenic and oncolytic viruses are presented.
PubMed: 36709223
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04669-4 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of...
In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of TP53, RB and APC tumor suppressor genes represent early-occurring genetic events [...].
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Oncogenes; Oncogenic Viruses; Carcinogens; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36430932
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214457 -
Viruses Jul 2021Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) belong to the insulin-like growth factor family, and IGF-1 activates intracellular signaling... (Review)
Review
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) belong to the insulin-like growth factor family, and IGF-1 activates intracellular signaling pathways by binding specifically to IGF-1R. The interaction between IGF-1 and IGF-1R transmits a signal through a number of intracellular substrates, including the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and the Src homology collagen (Shc) proteins, which activate two major intracellular signaling pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, specifically the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. The PI3K/AKT kinase pathway regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. IGF1/IGF-1R signaling also promotes cell differentiation and proliferation via the Ras/MAPK pathway. Moreover, upon IGF-1R activation of the IRS and Shc adaptor proteins, Shc stimulates Raf through the GTPase Ras to activate the MAPKs ERK1 and ERK2, phosphorylate and several other proteins, and to stimulate cell proliferation. The IGF-1 signaling pathway is required for certain viral effects in oncogenic progression and may be induced as an effect of viral infection. The mechanisms of IGF signaling in animal viral infections need to be clarified, mainly because they are involved in multifactorial signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data obtained from virological studies and to increase our understanding of the complex role of the IGF-1 signaling axis in animal virus infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Phosphorylation; Receptor, IGF Type 1; Signal Transduction; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34452353
DOI: 10.3390/v13081488