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Advances in Wound Care Oct 2022Skin inevitably heals with the formation of a fibrotic scar. Patients affected by skin scarring suffer from long-term psychological and physical burdens. Since the... (Review)
Review
Skin inevitably heals with the formation of a fibrotic scar. Patients affected by skin scarring suffer from long-term psychological and physical burdens. Since the discovery of fetal scarless skin-wound healing, research has hoped to identify and mimic scarless healing for adult skin. Oral mucosa healing in adults provides the closest example to fetal scarless healing. Injuries to the oral mucosa heal with very minimal scarring. Understanding the mechanisms through which this process occurs may bring us closer to achieving scarless healing in adults. In this review, we summarize the current evidence that illustrates distinct mechanisms involved in oral mucosal healing. We discuss the role of the oral niche in contributing to wound repair. The intrinsic properties of immune cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes within the oral mucosa that support regenerative repair are provided. We highlight the contribution of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokine secretion in permitting a scarless mucosal environment. Furthermore, we discuss the role of stem cell-like progenitor populations in the mucosa that may contribute to wound healing. We also provide suggestions for future studies that are needed to achieve scarless healing in adults. Many characteristics of the oral mucosa have been shown to contribute to decreased scarring, but the specific mechanism(s) is unclear. Advancing our understanding of oral healing may yield therapeutic therapies that can be used to overcome dermal scarring.
Topics: Adult; Cicatrix; Humans; Keratinocytes; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34470520
DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0038 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral... (Review)
Review
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral and , which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus . In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus; Mouth; Biofilms
PubMed: 38456080
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Aug 2021In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral... (Review)
Review
In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral cavity to keep the equilibrium of the microbiome. Hence, the delivery carrier for oral probiotics plays an important factor to ensure a high number of oral probiotics were delivered and released into the oral cavity. This review presents a brief overview of oral microbiota and the role of oral probiotics in reducing oral diseases. Moreover, important aspects of the oral probiotic product such as viability, adherence ability, health effects, safety, and delivery site were discussed. Besides that, the importance of utilizing indigenous oral probiotics was also emphasized. Oral probiotics are commonly found in the market in the form of chewing tablets, lozenges, and capsules. Hence, the oral probiotic carriers currently used in the market and research were reviewed. Furthermore, this review introduces new potential oral probiotic delivery carriers such as oral strip, bucco-adhesive gel, and mouthwash. Their effectiveness in delivering oral probiotics for oral health was also explored.
Topics: Microbiota; Mouth; Oral Health; Probiotics
PubMed: 34351255
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001076 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Aug 2022
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Stomatitis
PubMed: 35165057
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.12.001 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Nov 2019Over the past century, numerous studies have used oral biofilm models to investigate growth kinetics, biofilm formation, structure and composition, antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
Over the past century, numerous studies have used oral biofilm models to investigate growth kinetics, biofilm formation, structure and composition, antimicrobial susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions. animal models provide useful models of some oral diseases; however, these are expensive and carry vast ethical implications. Oral biofilms grown or maintained offer a useful platform for certain studies and have the advantages of being inexpensive to establish and easy to reproduce and manipulate. In addition, a wide range of variables can be monitored and adjusted to mimic the dynamic environmental changes at different sites in the oral cavity, such as pH, temperature, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid flow rates, or microbial composition. This review provides a detailed insight for early-career oral science researchers into how the biofilm models used in oral research have progressed and improved over the years, their advantages and disadvantages, and how such systems have contributed to our current understanding of oral disease pathogenesis and aetiology.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Humans; Mouth
PubMed: 31524581
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001063 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating chronic inflammation, affecting cell proliferation, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, some substances produced by oral bacteria can also act in a carcinogenic manner. The link between oral microbiota and chronic inflammation as well as cell proliferation has been well established. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the association of the oral microbiota with cell migration, which is crucial in regulating devastating diseases such as cancer. For instance, increased cell migration induced the spread of highly malignant cancer cells. Due to advanced technologies, the mechanistic understanding of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis is undergoing rapid progress. Thus, this review addressed the complexities of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis. We also integrate recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which the oral microbiota regulates cell migration, with emphasis on the effect of the oral microbiota on adhesion, polarization, and guidance. Finally, we also highlight critical techniques, such as intravital microscopy and superresolution microscopy, for studies in this field.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Cell Movement; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35573798
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.864479 -
Microbial Cell Factories Feb 2020Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, and in an effort to identify novel therapeutic target for this disease in recent years,... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, and in an effort to identify novel therapeutic target for this disease in recent years, human microbiota has attracted much interest. This paper briefly summarizes the main findings concerning the differences of human microbiome across several important mucosal interfaces, including nose, mouth, and gut between PD patients and controls as obtained from a total of 13 studies published since 2015, which covered a total of 943 PD patients and 831 matched controls from 6 countries. Overall, these studies supported the differences of gut microbiota between PD patients and matched controls, while significantly altered bacterial taxa among studies were not identical. Due to relatively limited number of available studies and covered patients, the associations between oral and nasal microbiota and PD remain inconclusive. The therapeutic and diagnostic potentials of gut microbiota for PD are discussed. More well-designed clinical studies recruiting large-scale PD patients are encouraged in future.
Topics: Humans; Intestines; Microbiota; Mouth; Nose; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 32103766
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01313-4 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2019The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm.... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm. Together with extracellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, they form the biofilm matrix, which contributes to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation and maintenance, and pathogenesis. While a number of oral microbes have been studied in detail with regard to biofilm formation and pathogenesis, the exopolysaccharides have been well characterized for only select organisms, namely and . Studies on the exopolysaccharides of other oral organisms, however, are in their infancy. In this review, we present the current research on exopolysaccharides of oral microbes regarding their biosynthesis, regulation, contributions to biofilm formation and stability of the matrix, and immune evasion. In addition, insight into the role of exopolysaccharides in biofilms is highlighted through the evaluation of emerging techniques such as pH probing of biofilm colonies, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for macromolecular interactions within biofilms, and super-resolution microscopy analysis of biofilm development. Finally, exopolysaccharide as a potential nutrient source for species within a biofilm is discussed.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Biofilms; Humans; Mouth; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 31009580
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519845001 -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Feb 2023Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient administration. However, the special microenvironment of the oral cavity being open, moving, and humid causes oral mucosal drug delivery to face great challenges. To address this dilemma, local adhesive agents have been widely studied for sustained drug delivery and improved bioavailability, showing broad prospects. Recently, the author has performed studies on oral mucosal adhesive agents. In this paper, the progress of research on oral mucosal adhesive materials is reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 38596935
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.01.001