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Journal of Dental Research Nov 2019Oral supra- and subgingival biofilms are complex communities in which hundreds of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside and interact. In these social environments,... (Review)
Review
Oral supra- and subgingival biofilms are complex communities in which hundreds of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside and interact. In these social environments, microbes compete and cooperate for resources, such as living space and nutrients. The metabolic activities of bacteria can transform their microenvironment and dynamically influence the fitness and growth of cohabitating organisms. Biofilm communities are temporally and spatially organized largely due to cell-to-cell communication, which promotes synergistic interactions. Metabolic interactions maintain biofilm homeostasis through mutualistic cross-feeding, metabolic syntrophy, and cross-respiration. These interactions include reciprocal metabolite exchanges that promote the growth of physiologically compatible bacteria, processive catabolism of complex substrates, and unidirectional interactions that are globally important for the polymicrobial community. Additionally, oral bacterial interactions can lead to detoxification of oxidative compounds, which will provide protection to the community at large. It has also been established that specific organisms provide terminal electron acceptors to partner species that result in a shift from fermentation to respiration, thus increasing ATP yields and improving fitness. Indeed, many interspecies relationships are multidimensional, and the net outcome can be spatially and temporally dependent. Cross-kingdom interactions also occur as oral yeast are antagonistic to some oral bacteria, while numerous mutualistic interactions contribute to yeast-bacterial colonization, fitness in the oral community, and the pathogenesis of caries. Consideration of this social environment reveals behaviors and phenotypes that are not apparent through the study of microbes in isolation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic interactions that shape the oral microbial community.
Topics: Bacteria; Biofilms; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth; Signal Transduction; Yeasts
PubMed: 31356756
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519866440 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2019Microbiomes associated with human skin and the oral cavity are uniquely exposed to personal care regimes. Changes in the composition and activities of the microbial... (Review)
Review
Microbiomes associated with human skin and the oral cavity are uniquely exposed to personal care regimes. Changes in the composition and activities of the microbial communities in these environments can be utilized to promote consumer health benefits, for example, by reducing the numbers, composition, or activities of microbes implicated in conditions such as acne, axillary odor, dandruff, and oral diseases. It is, however, important to ensure that innovative approaches for microbiome manipulation do not unsafely disrupt the microbiome or compromise health, and where major changes in the composition or activities of the microbiome may occur, these require evaluation to ensure that critical biological functions are unaffected. This article is based on a 2-day workshop held at SEAC Unilever, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom, involving 31 specialists in microbial risk assessment, skin and oral microbiome research, microbial ecology, bioinformatics, mathematical modeling, and immunology. The first day focused on understanding the potential implications of skin and oral microbiome perturbation, while approaches to characterize those perturbations were discussed during the second day. This article discusses the factors that the panel recommends be considered for personal care products that target the microbiomes of the skin and the oral cavity.
Topics: Consumer Product Safety; Cosmetics; Education; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Skin
PubMed: 31366612
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00051-19 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2023Perineurioma (PN) is an uncommon benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. For the rarity of this tumor in the oral cavity, otolaryngologists and oral surgeons might not be...
Perineurioma (PN) is an uncommon benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. For the rarity of this tumor in the oral cavity, otolaryngologists and oral surgeons might not be familiar with this entity. Perineuriomas are typically benign and complete excision is deemed adequate management. Thus, their histological recognition is mandatory to avoid unnecessary overtreatment. We report the clinicopathologic findings of an uncommon variant, the Extraneural Sclerosing PN, in an unusual and never described site, the tongue.
Topics: Humans; Tongue; Mouth; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
PubMed: 34074156
DOI: 10.1177/01455613211020539 -
Editorial: Association between oral microbiota dysbiosis and the development of systemic conditions.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 37143742
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1204103 -
Journal of Advanced Research May 2024Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death.
AIM OF REVIEW
This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tissue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regeneration of human oral tissue.
Topics: Humans; Autophagy; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Animals; Mouth; Tissue Engineering; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37356803
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.010 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions.... (Review)
Review
Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions. Recently, a variety of adult stem cells from the oral cavity have been discovered, and these dental stem cells mostly exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental MSCs can be applied for the replacement of dental and oral tissues against various tissue-damaging conditions including dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancers, as well as for systemic regulation of excessive inflammation in immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and updated the types of dental stem cells and their functions to exert therapeutic efficacy against diseases.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Dental Caries; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 32575639
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124389 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Nov 2022Growing evidence suggests altered oral and gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but little is known about the alterations and roles of phages, especially...
Growing evidence suggests altered oral and gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but little is known about the alterations and roles of phages, especially within the oral microbiota in ASD subjects. We enrolled ASD (n = 26) and neurotypical subjects (n = 26) with their oral hygiene controlled, and the metagenomes of both oral and fecal samples (n = 104) are shotgun-sequenced and compared. We observe extensive and diverse oral phageome comparable to that of the gut, and clear signals of mouth-to-gut phage strain transfer within individuals. However, the overall phageomes of the two sites are widely different and show even less similarity in the oral communities between ASD and control subjects. The ASD oral phageome exhibits significantly reduced abundance and alpha diversity, but the Streptococcal phages there are atypically enriched, often dominating the community. The over-representation of Streptococcal phages is accompanied by enriched oral Streptococcal virulence factors and Streptococcus bacteria, all exhibiting a positive correlation with the severity of ASD clinical manifestations. These changes are not observed in the parallel sampling of the gut flora, suggesting a previously unknown oral-specific association between the excessive Streptococcal phage enrichment and ASD pathogenesis. The findings provide new evidence for the independent microbiome-mouth-brain connection, deepen our understanding of how the growth dynamics of bacteriophages and oral microbiota contribute to ASD, and point to novel effective therapeutics.
Topics: Humans; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Streptococcus Phages; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mouth; Bacteriophages
PubMed: 36400799
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00355-3 -
Tissue Barriers Apr 2023The oral cavity is directly exposed to a variety of environmental stimuli and contains a diverse microbiome that continuously interacts with the oral epithelium....
The oral cavity is directly exposed to a variety of environmental stimuli and contains a diverse microbiome that continuously interacts with the oral epithelium. Therefore, establishment and maintenance of the barrier function of the oral mucosa is of paramount importance for its function and for the body's overall health. The adherens junction is a cell-cell adhesion complex that is essential for epithelial barrier function. Although a considerable body of work has associated barrier disruption with oral diseases, the molecular underpinnings of these associations have not been equally investigated. This is critical, since adherens junction components also possess significant signaling roles in the cell, in addition to their architectural ones. Here, we summarize current knowledge involving adherens junction components in oral pathologies, such as cancer and oral pathogen-related diseases, while we also discuss gaps in the knowledge and opportunities for future investigation of the relationship between adherens junctions and oral diseases.
Topics: Adherens Junctions; Mouth Mucosa; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35659464
DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2084320 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Mucosal health and disease is mediated by a complex interplay between the microbiota ("spark") and the inflammatory response ("flame"). Pathobionts, a specific class of... (Review)
Review
Mucosal health and disease is mediated by a complex interplay between the microbiota ("spark") and the inflammatory response ("flame"). Pathobionts, a specific class of microbes, exemplified by the oral microbe , live mostly "under the radar" in their human hosts, in a cooperative relationship with the indigenous microbiota. Dendritic cells (DCs), mucosal immune sentinels, often remain undisturbed by such microbes and do not alert adaptive immunity to danger. At a certain tipping point of inflammation, an "awakening" of pathobionts occurs, wherein their active growth and virulence are stimulated, leading to a dysbiosis. Pathobiont becomes pathogen, and commensal becomes accessory pathogen. The local inflammatory outcome is the Th17-mediated degenerative bone disease, periodontitis (PD). In systemic circulation of PD subjects, inflammatory DCs expand, carrying an oral microbiome and promoting Treg and Th17 responses. At distant peripheral sites, comorbid diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, chronic kidney disease, and others are reportedly induced. This review will review the immunobiology of DCs, examine the complex interplay of microbes and DCs in the pathogenesis of PD and its comorbid inflammatory diseases, and discuss the role of apoptosis and autophagy in this regard. Overall, the pathophysiological mechanisms of DC-mediated chronic inflammation and tissue destruction will be summarized.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32121251
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051643 -
European Review For Medical and... Jul 2021The human being has evolved in close symbiosis with its own ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. After the intestinal microbiome, that... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The human being has evolved in close symbiosis with its own ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. After the intestinal microbiome, that of the oral cavity is the largest and most diversified. Its importance is reflected not only in local and systemic diseases, but also in pregnancy since it would seem to influence the placental microbiome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a literature review of articles published in PubMed about Fusobacterium Nucleatum and both its implications with systemic and oral health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, flavors perception and its interference in the oral-nasal mucosal immunity.
RESULTS
It is in maintaining the microbiome's homeostasis that the Fusobacterium nucleatum, an opportunistic periodontal pathogen of the oral cavity, plays a crucial role both as a bridge microorganism of the tongue biofilm, and in maintaining the balance between the different species in the oral-nasal mucosal immunity also by taste receptors interaction. It is also involved in the flavor perception and its detection in the oral microbiome of children from the first days of life suggests a possible physiological role. However, the dysbiosis can determine its pathogenicity with local and systemic consequences, including the pathogenesis of respiratory infections.
CONCLUSIONS
It is interesting to evaluate its possible correlation with Sars-CoV-2 and the consequences on the microflora of the oral cavity, both to promote a possible broad-spectrum preventive action, in favor of all subjects for whom, by promoting the eubiosis of the oral microbiome, a defensive action could be envisaged by the commensals themselves but, above all, for patients with specific comorbidities and therefore already prone to oral dysbiosis.
Topics: COVID-19; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Mouth; Pregnancy
PubMed: 34286500
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202107_26251